diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'man7/hier.7')
| -rw-r--r-- | man7/hier.7 | 472 |
1 files changed, 472 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/man7/hier.7 b/man7/hier.7 new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b8c21a53 --- /dev/null +++ b/man7/hier.7 @@ -0,0 +1,472 @@ +.\" (c) 1993 by Thomas Koenig (ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de) +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +.\" preserved on all copies. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this +.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the +.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a +.\" permission notice identical to this one. +.\" +.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this +.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date. The author(s) assume no +.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from +.\" the use of the information contained herein. The author(s) may not +.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual, +.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working +.\" professionally. +.\" +.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by +.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work. +.\" License. +.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 11:05:58 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) +.\" Modified Sat Feb 10 16:18:03 1996 by Urs Thuermann (urs@isnogud.escape.de) +.\" Modified Mon Jun 16 20:02:00 1997 by Nicolás Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org> +.\" Modified Mon Feb 6 16:41:00 1999 by Nicolás Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org> +.\" Modified Tue Feb 8 16:46:45 2000 by Chris Pepper <pepper@tgg.com> +.\" Modified Fri Sep 7 20:32:45 2001 by Tammy Fox <tfox@redhat.com> +.TH HIER 7 2001-09-07 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual" +.SH NAME +hier \- Description of the file system hierarchy +.SH DESCRIPTION +A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories: +.TP +.I / +This is the root directory. This is where the whole tree starts. +.TP +.I /bin +This directory contains executable programs which are needed in +single user mode and to bring the system up or repair it. +.TP +.I /boot +Contains static files for the boot loader. This directory only holds +the files which are needed during the boot process. The map installer +and configuration files should go to +.I /sbin +and +.IR /etc . +.TP +.I /dev +Special or device files, which refer to physical devices. See +mknod(1). +.TP +.I /dos +If both MS\-DOS and Linux are run on one computer, this is a typical +place to mount a DOS file system. +.TP +.I /etc +Contains configuration files which are local to the machine. Some +larger software packages, like X11, can have their own subdirectories +below +.IR /etc . +Site-wide configuration files may be placed here or in +.IR /usr/etc . +Nevertheless, programs should always look for these files in +.I /etc +and you may have links for these files to +.IR /usr/etc . +.TP +.I /etc/opt +Host-specific configuration files for add-on applications installed +in +.IR /opt . +.TP +.I /etc/sgml +This directory contains the configuration files for SGML and XML (optional). +.TP +.I /etc/skel +When a new user account is created, files from this directory are +usually copied into the user's home directory. +.TP +.I /etc/X11 +Configuration files for the X11 window system (optional). +.TP +.I /home +On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath +this directory, directly or not. The structure of this directory +depends on local administration decisions. +.TP +.I /lib +This directory should hold those shared libraries that are necessary +to boot the system and to run the commands in the root filesystem. +.TP +.I /mnt +This directory contains mount points for temporarily mounted filesystems +.TP +.I /opt +This directory should contain add-on packages that contain static files. +.TP +.I /proc +This is a mount point for the +.I proc +filesystem, which provides information about running processes and +the kernel. This pseudo-file system is described in more detail in +.BR proc (5). +.TP +.I /root +This directory is usually the home directory for the root user (optional). +.TP +.I /sbin +Like +.IR /bin , +this directory holds commands needed to boot the system, but which are +usually not executed by normal users. +.TP +.I /tmp +This directory contains temporary files which may be deleted with no +notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up. +.TP +.I /usr +This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition. It +should hold only sharable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted +by various machines running Linux. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6 +The X\-Window system, version 11 release 6 (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/bin +Binaries which belong to the X\-Windows system; often, there is a +symbolic link from the more traditional +.I /usr/bin/X11 +to here. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/lib +Data files associated with the X\-Windows system. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 +These contain miscellaneous files needed to run X; Often, there is a +symbolic link from +.I /usr/lib/X11 +to this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/X11R6/include/X11 +Contains include files needed for compiling programs using the X11 +window system. Often, there is a symbolic link from +.I /usr/include/X11 +to this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/bin +This is the primary directory for executable programs. Most programs +executed by normal users which are not needed for booting or for +repairing the system and which are not installed locally should be +placed in this directory. +.TP +.I /usr/bin/X11 +is the traditional place to look for X11 executables; on Linux, it +usually is a symbolic link to +.IR /usr/X11R6/bin . +.TP +.I /usr/dict +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/dict . +.TP +.I /usr/doc +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/doc . +.TP +.I /usr/etc +Site-wide configuration files to be shared between several machines +may be stored in this directory. However, commands should always +reference those files using the +.I /etc +directory. Links from files in +.I /etc +should point to the appropriate files in +.IR /usr/etc . +.TP +.I /usr/games +Binaries for games and educational programs (optional). +.TP +.I /usr/include +Include files for the C compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/include/X11 +Include files for the C compiler and the X\-Windows system. This is +usually a symbolic link to +.I /usr/X11R6/include/X11. +.TP +.I /usr/include/asm +Include files which declare some assembler functions. This used to be a +symbolic link to +.IR /usr/src/linux/include/asm . +.TP +.I /usr/include/linux +This contains information which may change from system release to +system release and used to be a symbolic link to +.I /usr/src/linux/include/linux +to get at operating system specific information. + +(Note that one should have include files there that work correctly with +the current libc and in user space. However, Linux kernel source is not +designed to be used with user programs and does not know anything +about the libc you are using. It is very likely that things will break +if you let +.I /usr/include/asm +and +.I /usr/include/linux +point at a random kernel tree. Debian systems don't do this +and use headers from a known good kernel +version, provided in the libc*-dev package.) +.TP +.I /usr/include/g++ +Include files to use with the GNU C++ compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/lib +Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables +which usually are not invoked directly. More complicated programs may +have whole subdirectories there. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/X11 +The usual place for data files associated with X programs, and +configuration files for the X system itself. On Linux, it usually is +a symbolic link to +.IR /usr/X11R6/lib/X11 . +.TP +.I /usr/lib/gcc-lib +contains executables and include files for the GNU C compiler, +.BR gcc (1). +.TP +.I /usr/lib/groff +Files for the GNU groff document formatting system. +.TP +.I /usr/lib/uucp +Files for +.BR uucp (1). +.TP +.I /usr/local +This is where programs which are local to the site typically go. +.TP +.I /usr/local/bin +Binaries for programs local to the site. +.TP +.I /usr/local/doc +Local documentation. +.TP +.I /usr/local/etc +Configuration files associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/games +Binaries for locally installed games. +.TP +.I /usr/local/lib +Files associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/include +Header files for the local C compiler. +.TP +.I /usr/local/info +Info pages associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/man +Man pages associated with locally installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/local/sbin +Locally installed programs for system administration. +.TP +.I /usr/local/share +Local application data that can be shared among different architectures +of the same OS. +.TP +.I /usr/local/src +Source code for locally installed software. +.TP +.I /usr/man +Replaced by +.IR /usr/share/man . +.TP +.I /usr/sbin +This directory contains program binaries for system administration +which are not essential for the boot process, for mounting +.IR /usr , +or for system repair. +.TP +.I /usr/share +This directory contains subdirectories with specific application data, that +can be shared among different architectures of the same OS. +Often one finds stuff here that used to live in +.I /usr/doc +or +.I /usr/lib +or +.IR /usr/man . +.TP +.I /usr/share/dict +Contains the word lists used by spell checkers. +.TP +.I /usr/share/doc +Documentation about installed programs. +.TP +.I /usr/share/games +Static data files for games in +.IR /usr/games . +.TP +.I /usr/share/info +Info pages go here. +.TP +.I /usr/share/locale +Locale information goes here. +.TP +.I /usr/share/man +Manpages go here in subdirectories according to the man page sections. +.TP +.I /usr/share/man/<locale>/man[1-9] +These directories contain manual pages for the specific locale in source code +form. Systems which use a unique language and code set for all manual pages +may omit the <locale> substring. +.TP +.I /usr/share/misc +Miscellaneous data that can be shared among different architectures of the +same OS. +.TP +.I /usr/share/nls +The message catalogs for native language support go here. +.TP +.I /usr/share/sgml +Files for SGML and XML. +.TP +.I /usr/share/terminfo +The datebase for terminfo. +.TP +.I /usr/share/tmac +Troff macros that are not distributed with groff. +.TP +.I /usr/share/zoneinfo +Files for timezone information. +.TP +.I /usr/src +Source files for different parts of the system, included with some packages +for reference purposes. Don't work here with your own projects, as files +below /usr should be read-only except when installing software. +.TP +.I /usr/src/linux +This was the traditional place for the kernel source. +Some distributions put here the source for the default kernel they ship. +You should probably use another directory when building your own kernel. +.TP +.I /usr/tmp +Obsolete. This should be a link +to +.IR /var/tmp . +This link is present only for compatibility reasons and shouldn't be used. +.TP +.I /var +This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool +and log files. +.TP +.I /var/adm +This directory is superseded by +.I /var/log +and should be a symbolic link to +.IR /var/log . +.TP +.I /var/backups +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/cache +Data cached for programs. +.TP +.IR /var/catman/cat[1-9] " or " /var/cache/man/cat[1-9] +These directories contain preformatted manual pages according to their +man page section. (The use of preformatted manual pages is deprecated.) +.TP +.I /var/cron +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/lib +Variable state information for programs. +.TP +.I /var/local +Variable data for +.IR /usr/local . +.TP +.I /var/lock +Lock files are placed in this directory. The naming convention for +device lock files is +.I LCK..<device> +where +.I <device> +is the device's name in the filesystem. +The format used is that of HDU UUCP lock files, i.e. lock files +contain a PID as a 10-byte ASCII decimal number, followed by a newline +character. +.TP +.I /var/log +Miscellaneous log files. +.TP +.I /var/opt +Variable data for +.IR /opt . +.TP +.I /var/mail +Users' mailboxes. Replaces +.IR /var/spool/mail . +.TP +.I /var/msgs +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/preserve +Reserved for historical reasons. +.TP +.I /var/run +Run-time variable files, like files holding process identifiers (PIDs) +and logged user information +.IR (utmp) . +Files in this directory are usually cleared when the system boots. +.TP +.I /var/spool +Spooled (or queued) files for various programs. +.TP +.I /var/spool/at +Spooled jobs for +.BR at (1). +.TP +.I /var/spool/cron +Spooled jobs for +.BR cron (1). +.TP +.I /var/spool/lpd +Spooled files for printing. +.TP +.I /var/spool/mail +Replaced by +.IR /var/mail . +.TP +.I /var/spool/mqueue +Queued outgoing mail. +.TP +.I /var/spool/news +Spool directory for news. +.TP +.I /var/spool/rwho +Spooled files for +.BR rwhod (8). +.TP +.I /var/spool/smail +Spooled files for the +.BR smail (1) +mail delivery program. +.TP +.I /var/spool/uucp +Spooled files for +.BR uucp (1). +.TP +.I /var/tmp +Like +.IR /tmp , +this directory holds temporary files stored for an unspecified duration. +.TP +.I /var/yp +Database files for NIS. +.SH "CONFORMS TO" +The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, Version 2.2 <http://www.pathname.com/fhs/> +.SH BUGS +This list is not exhaustive; different systems may be configured +differently. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.BR find (1), +.BR ln (1), +.BR mount (1), +.BR proc (5) + +The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard |