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+.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved 
+.TH "STRTOUL" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
+.\" strtoul 
+.SH NAME
+strtoul, strtoull \- convert a string to an unsigned long
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.LP
+\fB#include <stdlib.h>
+.br
+.sp
+unsigned long strtoul(const char *restrict\fP \fIstr\fP\fB,
+.br
+\ \ \ \ \ \  char **restrict\fP \fIendptr\fP\fB, int\fP \fIbase\fP\fB);
+.br
+unsigned long long strtoull(const char *restrict\fP \fIstr\fP\fB,
+.br
+\ \ \ \ \ \  char **restrict\fP \fIendptr\fP\fB, int\fP \fIbase\fP\fB);
+.br
+\fP
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+These functions shall convert the initial portion of the string pointed
+to by \fIstr\fP to a type \fBunsigned long\fP and
+\fBunsigned long long\fP representation, respectively. First, they
+decompose the input string into three parts:
+.IP " 1." 4
+An initial, possibly empty, sequence of white-space characters (as
+specified by \fIisspace\fP())
+.LP
+.IP " 2." 4
+A subject sequence interpreted as an integer represented in some radix
+determined by the value of \fIbase\fP
+.LP
+.IP " 3." 4
+A final string of one or more unrecognized characters, including the
+terminating null byte of the input string
+.LP
+.LP
+Then they shall attempt to convert the subject sequence to an unsigned
+integer, and return the result.
+.LP
+If the value of \fIbase\fP is 0, the expected form of the subject
+sequence is that of a decimal constant, octal constant, or
+hexadecimal constant, any of which may be preceded by a \fB'+'\fP
+or \fB'-'\fP sign. A decimal constant begins with a
+non-zero digit, and consists of a sequence of decimal digits. An octal
+constant consists of the prefix \fB'0'\fP optionally
+followed by a sequence of the digits \fB'0'\fP to \fB'7'\fP only.
+A hexadecimal constant consists of the prefix 0x or 0X
+followed by a sequence of the decimal digits and letters \fB'a'\fP
+(or \fB'A'\fP ) to \fB'f'\fP (or \fB'F'\fP ) with
+values 10 to 15 respectively.
+.LP
+If the value of \fIbase\fP is between 2 and 36, the expected form
+of the subject sequence is a sequence of letters and digits
+representing an integer with the radix specified by \fIbase\fP, optionally
+preceded by a \fB'+'\fP or \fB'-'\fP sign. The
+letters from \fB'a'\fP (or \fB'A'\fP ) to \fB'z'\fP (or \fB'Z'\fP
+) inclusive are ascribed the values 10 to 35; only
+letters whose ascribed values are less than that of \fIbase\fP are
+permitted. If the value of \fIbase\fP is 16, the characters 0x
+or 0X may optionally precede the sequence of letters and digits, following
+the sign if present.
+.LP
+The subject sequence is defined as the longest initial subsequence
+of the input string, starting with the first non-white-space
+character that is of the expected form. The subject sequence shall
+contain no characters if the input string is empty or consists
+entirely of white-space characters, or if the first non-white-space
+character is other than a sign or a permissible letter or
+digit.
+.LP
+If the subject sequence has the expected form and the value of \fIbase\fP
+is 0, the sequence of characters starting with the
+first digit shall be interpreted as an integer constant. If the subject
+sequence has the expected form and the value of \fIbase\fP
+is between 2 and 36, it shall be used as the base for conversion,
+ascribing to each letter its value as given above. If the subject
+sequence begins with a minus sign, the value resulting from the conversion
+shall be negated. A pointer to the final string shall be
+stored in the object pointed to by \fIendptr\fP, provided that \fIendptr\fP
+is not a null pointer.
+.LP
+In other than the C   \ or POSIX  locales, other
+implementation-defined subject sequences may be accepted.
+.LP
+If the subject sequence is empty or does not have the expected form,
+no conversion shall be performed; the value of \fIstr\fP
+shall be stored in the object pointed to by \fIendptr\fP, provided
+that \fIendptr\fP is not a null pointer.
+.LP
+The
+\fIstrtoul\fP() function shall not change the setting of \fIerrno\fP
+if successful.
+.LP
+Since 0, {ULONG_MAX}, and {ULLONG_MAX} are returned on error and are
+also valid returns on success, an application wishing to
+check for error situations should set \fIerrno\fP to 0, then call
+\fIstrtoul\fP() or \fIstrtoull\fP(), then check \fIerrno\fP.
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+.LP
+Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the converted
+value, if any. If no conversion could be performed, 0
+shall be returned   \ and \fIerrno\fP may be set to [EINVAL].  If
+the
+correct value is outside the range of representable values, {ULONG_MAX}
+or {ULLONG_MAX} shall be returned and \fIerrno\fP set to
+[ERANGE].
+.SH ERRORS
+.LP
+These functions shall fail if:
+.TP 7
+.B EINVAL
+The value of \fIbase\fP is not supported. 
+.TP 7
+.B ERANGE
+The value to be returned is not representable.
+.sp
+.LP
+These functions may fail if:
+.TP 7
+.B EINVAL
+No
+conversion could be performed. 
+.sp
+.LP
+\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.LP
+None.
+.SH APPLICATION USAGE
+.LP
+None.
+.SH RATIONALE
+.LP
+None.
+.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+.LP
+None.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.LP
+\fIisalpha\fP() , \fIscanf\fP() , \fIstrtod\fP() , \fIstrtol\fP()
+, the Base Definitions volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, \fI<stdlib.h>\fP
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
+from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
+-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
+Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
+Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
+event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
+The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
+http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .