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diff --git a/man1p/more.1p b/man1p/more.1p new file mode 100644 index 000000000..22d9a6a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/man1p/more.1p @@ -0,0 +1,1069 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved +.TH "MORE" P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual" +.\" more +.SH NAME +more \- display files on a page-by-page basis +.SH SYNOPSIS +.LP +\fBmore\fP \fB[\fP\fB-ceisu\fP\fB][\fP\fB-n\fP \fInumber\fP\fB][\fP\fB-p\fP +\fIcommand\fP\fB][\fP\fB-t\fP \fItagstring\fP\fB][\fP\fIfile\fP \fB...\fP\fB]\fP\fB\fP +.SH DESCRIPTION +.LP +The \fImore\fP utility shall read files and either write them to the +terminal on a page-by-page basis or filter them to +standard output. If standard output is not a terminal device, all +input files shall be copied to standard output in their entirety, +without modification, except as specified for the \fB-s\fP option. +If standard output is a terminal device, the files shall be +written a number of lines (one screenful) at a time under the control +of user commands. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. +.LP +Certain block-mode terminals do not have all the capabilities necessary +to support the complete \fImore\fP definition; they are +incapable of accepting commands that are not terminated with a <newline>. +Implementations that support such terminals shall +provide an operating mode to \fImore\fP in which all commands can +be terminated with a <newline> on those terminals. This +mode: +.IP " *" 3 +Shall be documented in the system documentation +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +Shall, at invocation, inform the user of the terminal deficiency that +requires the <newline> usage and provide +instructions on how this warning can be suppressed in future invocations +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +Shall not be required for implementations supporting only fully capable +terminals +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +Shall not affect commands already requiring <newline>s +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +Shall not affect users on the capable terminals from using \fImore\fP +as described in this volume of +IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 +.LP +.SH OPTIONS +.LP +The \fImore\fP utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume +of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines. +.LP +The following options shall be supported: +.TP 7 +\fB-c\fP +If a screen is to be written that has no lines in common with the +current screen, or \fImore\fP is writing its first screen, +\fImore\fP shall not scroll the screen, but instead shall redraw each +line of the screen in turn, from the top of the screen to +the bottom. In addition, if \fImore\fP is writing its first screen, +the screen shall be cleared. This option may be silently +ignored on devices with insufficient terminal capabilities. +.TP 7 +\fB-e\fP +By default, \fImore\fP shall exit immediately after writing the last +line of the last file in the argument list. If the +\fB-e\fP option is specified: +.RS +.IP " 1." 4 +If there is only a single file in the argument list and that file +was completely displayed on a single screen, \fImore\fP shall +exit immediately after writing the last line of that file. +.LP +.IP " 2." 4 +Otherwise, \fImore\fP shall exit only after reaching end-of-file on +the last file in the argument list twice without an +intervening operation. See the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. +.LP +.RE +.TP 7 +\fB-i\fP +Perform pattern matching in searches without regard to case; see the +Base Definitions volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, +Section 9.2, Regular Expression General Requirements. +.TP 7 +\fB-n\ \fP \fInumber\fP +Specify the number of lines per screenful. The \fInumber\fP argument +is a positive decimal integer. The \fB-n\fP option shall +override any values obtained from any other source. +.TP 7 +\fB-p\ \fP \fIcommand\fP +Each time a screen from a new file is displayed or redisplayed (including +as a result of \fImore\fP commands; for example, +\fB:p\fP), execute the \fImore\fP command(s) in the command arguments +in the order specified, as if entered by the user after the +first screen has been displayed. No intermediate results shall be +displayed (that is, if the command is a movement to a screen +different from the normal first screen, only the screen resulting +from the command shall be displayed.) If any of the commands fail +for any reason, an informational message to this effect shall be written, +and no further commands specified using the \fB-p\fP +option shall be executed for this file. +.TP 7 +\fB-s\fP +Behave as if consecutive empty lines were a single empty line. +.TP 7 +\fB-t\ \fP \fItagstring\fP +Write the screenful of the file containing the tag named by the \fItagstring\fP +argument. See the \fIctags\fP utility. The tags feature represented +by \fB-t\fP \fItagstring\fP and the \fB:t\fP command is +optional. It shall be provided on any system that also provides a +conforming implementation of \fIctags\fP; otherwise, the use of \fB-t\fP +produces undefined results. +.LP +The filename resulting from the \fB-t\fP option shall be logically +added as a prefix to the list of command line files, as if +specified by the user. If the tag named by the \fItagstring\fP argument +is not found, it shall be an error, and \fImore\fP shall +take no further action. +.LP +If the tag specifies a line number, the first line of the display +shall contain the beginning of that line. If the tag specifies +a pattern, the first line of the display shall contain the beginning +of the matching text from the first line of the file that +contains that pattern. If the line does not exist in the file or matching +text is not found, an informational message to this +effect shall be displayed, and \fImore\fP shall display the default +screen as if \fB-t\fP had not been specified. +.LP +If both the \fB-t\fP \fItagstring\fP and \fB-p\fP \fIcommand\fP options +are given, the \fB-t\fP \fItagstring\fP shall be +processed first; that is, the file and starting line for the display +shall be as specified by \fB-t\fP, and then the \fB-p\fP +\fImore\fP command shall be executed. If the line (matching text) +specified by the \fB-t\fP command does not exist (is not +found), no \fB-p\fP \fImore\fP command shall be executed for this +file at any time. +.TP 7 +\fB-u\fP +Treat a <backspace> as a printable control character, displayed as +an implementation-defined character sequence (see the +EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section), suppressing backspacing and the special +handling that produces underlined or standout mode text on +some terminal types. Also, do not ignore a <carriage-return> at the +end of a line. +.sp +.SH OPERANDS +.LP +The following operand shall be supported: +.TP 7 +\fIfile\fP +A pathname of an input file. If no \fIfile\fP operands are specified, +the standard input shall be used. If a \fIfile\fP is +\fB'-'\fP , the standard input shall be read at that point in the +sequence. +.sp +.SH STDIN +.LP +The standard input shall be used only if no \fIfile\fP operands are +specified, or if a \fIfile\fP operand is \fB'-'\fP +\&. +.SH INPUT FILES +.LP +The input files being examined shall be text files. If standard output +is a terminal, standard error shall be used to read +commands from the user. If standard output is a terminal, standard +error is not readable, and command input is needed, \fImore\fP +may attempt to obtain user commands from the controlling terminal +(for example, \fB/dev/tty\fP); otherwise, \fImore\fP shall +terminate with an error indicating that it was unable to read user +commands. If standard output is not a terminal, no error shall +result if standard error cannot be opened for reading. +.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +.LP +The following environment variables shall affect the execution of +\fImore\fP: +.TP 7 +\fICOLUMNS\fP +Override the system-selected horizontal display line size. See the +Base Definitions volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, +Chapter 8, Environment Variables for valid values and results when +it is unset or +null. +.TP 7 +\fIEDITOR\fP +Used by the \fBv\fP command to select an editor. See the EXTENDED +DESCRIPTION section. +.TP 7 +\fILANG\fP +Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that +are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of +IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables +for +the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine +the values of locale categories.) +.TP 7 +\fILC_ALL\fP +If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the +other internationalization variables. +.TP 7 +\fILC_COLLATE\fP +.sp +Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, +and multi-character collating elements within regular +expressions. +.TP 7 +\fILC_CTYPE\fP +Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes +of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as +opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and +the behavior of character classes within regular +expressions. +.TP 7 +\fILC_MESSAGES\fP +Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and +contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error and +informative messages written to standard output. +.TP 7 +\fINLSPATH\fP +Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of \fILC_MESSAGES +\&.\fP +.TP 7 +\fILINES\fP +Override the system-selected vertical screen size, used as the number +of lines in a screenful. See the Base Definitions volume +of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Chapter 8, Environment Variables for valid +values and +results when it is unset or null. The \fB-n\fP option shall take precedence +over the \fILINES\fP variable for determining the +number of lines in a screenful. +.TP 7 +\fIMORE\fP +Determine a string containing options described in the OPTIONS section +preceded with hyphens and <blank>-separated as on +the command line. Any command line options shall be processed after +those in the \fIMORE\fP variable, as if the command line were: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBmore $MORE\fP \fIoptions operands\fP +.fi +.RE +.LP +The \fIMORE\fP variable shall take precedence over the \fITERM\fP +and \fILINES\fP variables for determining the number of +lines in a screenful. +.TP 7 +\fITERM\fP +Determine the name of the terminal type. If this variable is unset +or null, an unspecified default terminal type is used. +.sp +.SH ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS +.LP +Default. +.SH STDOUT +.LP +The standard output shall be used to write the contents of the input +files. +.SH STDERR +.LP +The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages and user +commands (see the INPUT FILES section), and, if standard +output is a terminal device, to write a prompting string. The prompting +string shall appear on the screen line below the last line +of the file displayed in the current screenful. The prompt shall contain +the name of the file currently being examined and shall +contain an end-of-file indication and the name of the next file, if +any, when prompting at the end-of-file. If an error or +informational message is displayed, it is unspecified whether it is +contained in the prompt. If it is not contained in the prompt, +it shall be displayed and then the user shall be prompted for a continuation +character, at which point another message or the user +prompt may be displayed. The prompt is otherwise unspecified. It is +unspecified whether informational messages are written for +other user commands. +.SH OUTPUT FILES +.LP +None. +.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION +.LP +The following section describes the behavior of \fImore\fP when the +standard output is a terminal device. If the standard +output is not a terminal device, no options other than \fB-s\fP shall +have any effect, and all input files shall be copied to +standard output otherwise unmodified, at which time \fImore\fP shall +exit without further action. +.LP +The number of lines available per screen shall be determined by the +\fB-n\fP option, if present, or by examining values in the +environment (see the ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES section). If neither method +yields a number, an unspecified number of lines shall be +used. +.LP +The maximum number of lines written shall be one less than this number, +because the screen line after the last line written +shall be used to write a user prompt and user input. If the number +of lines in the screen is less than two, the results are +undefined. It is unspecified whether user input is permitted to be +longer than the remainder of the single line where the prompt +has been written. +.LP +The number of columns available per line shall be determined by examining +values in the environment (see the ENVIRONMENT +VARIABLES section), with a default value as described in the Base +Definitions volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Chapter 8, Environment +Variables. +.LP +Lines that are longer than the display shall be folded; the length +at which folding occurs is unspecified, but should be +appropriate for the output device. Folding may occur between glyphs +of single characters that take up multiple display columns. +.LP +When standard output is a terminal and \fB-u\fP is not specified, +\fImore\fP shall treat <backspace>s and +<carriage-return>s specially: +.IP " *" 3 +A character, followed first by a sequence of \fIn\fP <backspace>s +(where \fIn\fP is the same as the number of column +positions that the character occupies), then by \fIn\fP underscore +characters ( \fB'_'\fP ), shall cause that character to be +written as underlined text, if the terminal type supports that. The +\fIn\fP underscore characters, followed first by \fIn\fP +<backspace>s, then any character with \fIn\fP column positions, shall +also cause that character to be written as underlined +text, if the terminal type supports that. +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +A sequence of \fIn\fP <backspace>s (where \fIn\fP is the same as the +number of column positions that the previous +character occupies) that appears between two identical printable characters +shall cause the first of those two characters to be +written as emboldened text (that is, visually brighter, standout mode, +or inverse-video mode), if the terminal type supports that, +and the second to be discarded. Immediately subsequent occurrences +of <backspace>/ character pairs for that same character +shall also be discarded. (For example, the sequence \fB"a\\ba\\ba\\ba"\fP +is interpreted as a single emboldened \fB'a'\fP .) +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +The \fImore\fP utility shall logically discard all other <backspace>s +from the line as well as the character which +precedes them, if any. +.LP +.IP " *" 3 +A <carriage-return> at the end of a line shall be ignored, rather +than being written as a non-printable character, as +described in the next paragraph. +.LP +.LP +It is implementation-defined how other non-printable characters are +written. Implementations should use the same format that +they use for the \fIex\fP \fBprint\fP command; see the OPTIONS section +within the \fIed\fP utility. It is unspecified whether a multi-column +character shall be separated if it crosses a +display line boundary; it shall not be discarded. The behavior is +unspecified if the number of columns on the display is less than +the number of columns any single character in the line being displayed +would occupy. +.LP +When each new file is displayed (or redisplayed), \fImore\fP shall +write the first screen of the file. Once the initial screen +has been written, \fImore\fP shall prompt for a user command. If the +execution of the user command results in a screen that has +lines in common with the current screen, and the device has sufficient +terminal capabilities, \fImore\fP shall scroll the screen; +otherwise, it is unspecified whether the screen is scrolled or redrawn. +.LP +For all files but the last (including standard input if no file was +specified, and for the last file as well, if the \fB-e\fP +option was not specified), when \fImore\fP has written the last line +in the file, \fImore\fP shall prompt for a user command. +This prompt shall contain the name of the next file as well as an +indication that \fImore\fP has reached end-of-file. If the user +command is \fBf\fP, <control>-F, <space>, \fBj\fP, <newline>, \fBd\fP, +<control>-D, or \fBs\fP, +\fImore\fP shall display the next file. Otherwise, if displaying the +last file, \fImore\fP shall exit. Otherwise, \fImore\fP +shall execute the user command specified. +.LP +Several of the commands described in this section display a previous +screen from the input stream. In the case that text is +being taken from a non-rewindable stream, such as a pipe, it is implementation-defined +how much backwards motion is supported. If a +command cannot be executed because of a limitation on backwards motion, +an error message to this effect shall be displayed, the +current screen shall not change, and the user shall be prompted for +another command. +.LP +If a command cannot be performed because there are insufficient lines +to display, \fImore\fP shall alert the terminal. If a +command cannot be performed because there are insufficient lines to +display or a \fB/\fP command fails: if the input is the +standard input, the last screen in the file may be displayed; otherwise, +the current file and screen shall not change, and the user +shall be prompted for another command. +.LP +The interactive commands in the following sections shall be supported. +Some commands can be preceded by a decimal integer, +called \fIcount\fP in the following descriptions. If not specified +with the command, \fIcount\fP shall default to 1. In the +following descriptions, \fIpattern\fP is a basic regular expression, +as described in the Base Definitions volume of +IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 9.3, Basic Regular Expressions. The +term "examine" is historical usage meaning "open the file for viewing''; +for example, \fImore\fP \fBfoo\fP would be expressed +as examining file \fBfoo\fP. +.LP +In the following descriptions, unless otherwise specified, \fIline\fP +is a line in the \fImore\fP display, not a line from the +file being examined. +.LP +In the following descriptions, the \fIcurrent position\fP refers to +two things: +.IP " 1." 4 +The position of the current line on the screen +.LP +.IP " 2." 4 +The line number (in the file) of the current line on the screen +.LP +.LP +Usually, the line on the screen corresponding to the current position +is the third line on the screen. If this is not possible +(there are fewer than three lines to display or this is the first +page of the file, or it is the last page of the file), then the +current position is either the first or last line on the screen as +described later. +.SS Help +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBh +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Write a summary of these commands and other implementation-defined +commands. The behavior shall be as if the \fImore\fP utility +were executed with the \fB-e\fP option on a file that contained the +summary information. The user shall be prompted as described +earlier in this section when end-of-file is reached. If the user command +is one of those specified to continue to the next file, +\fImore\fP shall return to the file and screen state from which the +\fBh\fP command was executed. +.SS Scroll Forward One Screenful +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBf +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<control>-F +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll forward \fIcount\fP lines, with a default of one screenful. +If \fIcount\fP is more than the screen size, only the final +screenful shall be written. +.SS Scroll Backward One Screenful +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBb +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<control>-B +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll backward \fIcount\fP lines, with a default of one screenful +(see the \fB-n\fP option). If \fIcount\fP is more than the +screen size, only the final screenful shall be written. +.SS Scroll Forward One Line +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<space> +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBj +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<newline> +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll forward \fIcount\fP lines. The default \fIcount\fP for the +<space> shall be one screenful; for \fBj\fP and +<newline>, one line. The entire \fIcount\fP lines shall be written, +even if \fIcount\fP is more than the screen size. +.SS Scroll Backward One Line +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBk +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll backward \fIcount\fP lines. The entire \fIcount\fP lines shall +be written, even if \fIcount\fP is more than the screen +size. +.SS Scroll Forward One Half Screenful +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBd +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<control>-D +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll forward \fIcount\fP lines, with a default of one half of the +screen size. If \fIcount\fP is specified, it shall become +the new default for subsequent \fBd\fP, <control>-D, and \fBu\fP commands. +.SS Skip Forward One Line +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBs +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Display the screenful beginning with the line \fIcount\fP lines after +the last line on the current screen. If \fIcount\fP +would cause the current position to be such that less than one screenful +would be written, the last screenful in the file shall be +written. +.SS Scroll Backward One Half Screenful +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBu +\fP\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB<control>-U +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Scroll backward \fIcount\fP lines, with a default of one half of the +screen size. If \fIcount\fP is specified, it shall become +the new default for subsequent \fBd\fP, <control>-D, \fBu\fP, and +<control>-U commands. The entire \fIcount\fP lines +shall be written, even if \fIcount\fP is more than the screen size. +.SS Go to Beginning of File +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBg +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Display the screenful beginning with line \fIcount\fP. +.SS Go to End-of-File +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBG +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +If \fIcount\fP is specified, display the screenful beginning with +the line \fIcount\fP. Otherwise, display the last screenful +of the file. +.SS Refresh the Screen +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBr +<control>-L +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Refresh the screen. +.SS Discard and Refresh +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBR +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Refresh the screen, discarding any buffered input. If the current +file is non-seekable, buffered input shall not be discarded +and the \fBR\fP command shall be equivalent to the \fBr\fP command. +.SS Mark Position +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBm\fP\fIletter\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Mark the current position with the letter named by \fIletter\fP, where +\fIletter\fP represents the name of one of the +lowercase letters of the portable character set. When a new file is +examined, all marks may be lost. +.SS Return to Mark +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB'\fP\fIletter\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Return to the position that was previously marked with the letter +named by \fIletter\fP, making that line the current +position. +.SS Return to Previous Position +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB'' +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Return to the position from which the last large movement command +was executed (where a "large movement" is defined as any +movement of more than a screenful of lines). If no such movements +have been made, return to the beginning of the file. +.SS Search Forward for Pattern +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB/\fP\fB[\fP\fB!\fP\fB]\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB<newline> +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Display the screenful beginning with the \fIcount\fPth line containing +the pattern. The search shall start after the first line +currently displayed. The null regular expression ( \fB'/'\fP followed +by a <newline>) shall repeat the search using the +previous regular expression, with a default \fIcount\fP. If the character +\fB'!'\fP is included, the matching lines shall be +those that do not contain the \fIpattern\fP. If no match is found +for the \fIpattern\fP, a message to that effect shall be +displayed. +.SS Search Backward for Pattern +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB?\fP\fB[\fP\fB!\fP\fB]\fP\fIpattern\fP\fB<newline> +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Display the screenful beginning with the \fIcount\fPth previous line +containing the pattern. The search shall start on the last +line before the first line currently displayed. The null regular expression +( \fB'?'\fP followed by a <newline>) shall +repeat the search using the previous regular expression, with a default +\fIcount\fP. If the character \fB'!'\fP is included, +matching lines shall be those that do not contain the \fIpattern\fP. +If no match is found for the \fIpattern\fP, a message to +that effect shall be displayed. +.SS Repeat Search +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBn +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Repeat the previous search for \fIcount\fPth line containing the last +\fIpattern\fP (or not containing the last +\fIpattern\fP, if the previous search was \fB"/!"\fP or \fB"?!"\fP +). +.SS Repeat Search in Reverse +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fBN +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Repeat the search in the opposite direction of the previous search +for the \fIcount\fPth line containing the last +\fIpattern\fP (or not containing the last \fIpattern\fP, if the previous +search was \fB"/!"\fP or \fB"?!"\fP ). +.SS Examine New File +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB:e\fP \fB[\fP\fIfilename\fP\fB]\fP\fB<newline> +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Examine a new file. If the \fIfilename\fP argument is not specified, +the current file (see the \fB:n\fP and \fB:p\fP commands +below) shall be re-examined. The \fIfilename\fP shall be subjected +to the process of shell word expansions (see \fIWord Expansions\fP +); if more than a single pathname results, the effects are unspecified. +If +\fIfilename\fP is a number sign ( \fB'#'\fP ), the previously examined +file shall be re-examined. If \fIfilename\fP is not +accessible for any reason (including that it is a non-seekable file), +an error message to this effect shall be displayed and the +current file and screen shall not change. +.SS Examine Next File +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB:n +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Examine the next file. If a number \fIcount\fP is specified, the \fIcount\fPth +next file shall be examined. If \fIfilename\fP +refers to a non-seekable file, the results are unspecified. +.SS Examine Previous File +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB[\fP\fIcount\fP\fB]\fP\fB:p +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Examine the previous file. If a number \fIcount\fP is specified, the +\fIcount\fPth previous file shall be examined. If +\fIfilename\fP refers to a non-seekable file, the results are unspecified. +.SS Go to Tag +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB:t\fP \fItagstring\fP\fB<newline> +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +If the file containing the tag named by the \fItagstring\fP argument +is not the current file, examine the file, as if the +\fB:e\fP command was executed with that file as the argument. Otherwise, +or in addition, display the screenful beginning with the +tag, as described for the \fB-t\fP option (see the OPTIONS section). +If the \fIctags\fP +utility is not supported by the system, the use of \fB:t\fP produces +undefined results. +.SS Invoke Editor +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBv +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Invoke an editor to edit the current file being examined. If standard +input is being examined, the results are unspecified. The +name of the editor shall be taken from the environment variable \fIEDITOR +,\fP or shall default to \fIvi\fP. If the last pathname component +in \fIEDITOR\fP is either \fIvi\fP or \fIex\fP, the editor shall be +invoked with a \fB-c\fP +\fIlinenumber\fP command line argument, where \fIlinenumber\fP is +the line number of the file line containing the display line +currently displayed as the first line of the screen. It is implementation-defined +whether line-setting options are passed to +editors other than \fIvi\fP and \fIex\fP. +.LP +When the editor exits, \fImore\fP shall resume with the same file +and screen as when the editor was invoked. +.SS Display Position +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fB= +<control>-G +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Write a message for which the information references the first byte +of the line after the last line of the file on the screen. +This message shall include the name of the file currently being examined, +its number relative to the total number of files there +are to examine, the line number in the file, the byte number and the +total bytes in the file, and what percentage of the file +precedes the current position. If \fImore\fP is reading from standard +input, or the file is shorter than a single screen, the line +number, the byte number, the total bytes, and the percentage need +not be written. +.SS Quit +.TP 7 +\fISynopsis\fP: +.sp +.RS +.nf + +\fBq +:q +ZZ +\fP +.fi +.RE +.sp +.LP +Exit \fImore\fP. +.SH EXIT STATUS +.LP +The following exit values shall be returned: +.TP 7 +\ 0 +Successful completion. +.TP 7 +>0 +An error occurred. +.sp +.SH CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS +.LP +If an error is encountered accessing a file when using the \fB:n\fP +command, \fImore\fP shall attempt to examine the next file +in the argument list, but the final exit status shall be affected. +If an error is encountered accessing a file via the \fB:p\fP +command, \fImore\fP shall attempt to examine the previous file in +the argument list, but the final exit status shall be affected. +If an error is encountered accessing a file via the \fB:e\fP command, +\fImore\fP shall remain in the current file and the final +exit status shall not be affected. +.LP +\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP +.SH APPLICATION USAGE +.LP +When the standard output is not a terminal, only the \fB-s\fP filter-modification +option is effective. This is based on +historical practice. For example, a typical implementation of \fIman\fP +pipes its output +through \fImore\fP \fB-s\fP to squeeze excess white space for terminal +users. When \fIman\fP +is piped to \fIlp\fP, however, it is undesirable for this squeezing +to happen. +.SH EXAMPLES +.LP +The \fB-p\fP allows arbitrary commands to be executed at the start +of each file. Examples are: +.TP 7 +\fImore\ \fP \fB-p\ G\ \fP \fIfile1\ file2\fP +.sp +Examine each file starting with its last screenful. +.TP 7 +\fImore\ \fP \fB-p\ \fP 100\ \fIfile1\ file2\fP +.sp +Examine each file starting with line 100 in the current position (usually +the third line, so line 98 would be the first line +written). +.TP 7 +\fImore\ \fP \fB-p\ \fP /100\ \fIfile1\ file2\fP +.sp +Examine each file starting with the first line containing the string +\fB"100"\fP in the current position +.sp +.SH RATIONALE +.LP +The \fImore\fP utility, available in BSD and BSD-derived systems, +was chosen as the prototype for the POSIX file display +program since it is more widely available than either the public-domain +program \fIless\fP or than \fIpg\fP, a pager provided in +System V. The 4.4 BSD \fImore\fP is the model for the features selected; +it is almost fully upwards-compatible from the 4.3 BSD +version in wide use and has become more amenable for \fIvi\fP users. +Several features +originally derived from various file editors, found in both \fIless\fP +and \fIpg\fP, have been added to this volume of +IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 as they have proved extremely popular with +users. +.LP +There are inconsistencies between \fImore\fP and \fIvi\fP that result +from historical +practice. For example, the single-character commands \fBh\fP, \fBf\fP, +\fBb\fP, and <space> are screen movers in +\fImore\fP, but cursor movers in \fIvi\fP. These inconsistencies were +maintained because the +cursor movements are not applicable to \fImore\fP and the powerful +functionality achieved without the use of the control key +justifies the differences. +.LP +The tags interface has been included in a program that is not a text +editor because it promotes another degree of consistent +operation with \fIvi\fP. It is conceivable that the paging environment +of \fImore\fP would be +superior for browsing source code files in some circumstances. +.LP +The operating mode referred to for block-mode terminals effectively +adds a <newline> to each Synopsis line that currently +has none. So, for example, \fBd\fP <newline> would page one screenful. +The mode could be triggered by a command line option, +environment variable, or some other method. The details are not imposed +by this volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001 because +there are so few systems known to support such terminals. Nevertheless, +it was considered that all systems should be able to +support \fImore\fP given the exception cited for this small community +of terminals because, in comparison to \fIvi\fP, the cursor movements +are few and the command set relatively amenable to the optional +<newline>s. +.LP +Some versions of \fImore\fP provide a shell escaping mechanism similar +to the \fIex\fP +\fB!\fP command. The standard developers did not consider that this +was necessary in a paginator, particularly given the wide +acceptance of multiple window terminals and job control features. +(They chose to retain such features in the editors and \fImailx\fP +because the shell interaction also gives an opportunity to modify +the editing buffer, +which is not applicable to \fImore\fP.) +.LP +The \fB-p\fP (position) option replaces the \fB+\fP command because +of the Utility Syntax Guidelines. In early proposals, it +took a \fIpattern\fP argument, but historical \fIless\fP provided +the \fImore\fP general facility of a command. It would have +been desirable to use the same \fB-c\fP as \fIex\fP and \fIvi\fP, +but the letter was already in use. +.LP +The text stating "from a non-rewindable stream ... implementations +may limit the amount of backwards motion supported" would +allow an implementation that permitted no backwards motion beyond +text already on the screen. It was not possible to require a +minimum amount of backwards motion that would be effective for all +conceivable device types. The implementation should allow the +user to back up as far as possible, within device and reasonable memory +allocation constraints. +.LP +Historically, non-printable characters were displayed using the ARPA +standard mappings, which are as follows: +.IP " 1." 4 +Printable characters are left alone. +.LP +.IP " 2." 4 +Control characters less than \\177 are represented as followed by +the character offset from the \fB'@'\fP character in the +ASCII map; for example, \\007 is represented as \fB'G'\fP . +.LP +.IP " 3." 4 +\\177 is represented as followed by \fB'?'\fP . +.LP +.LP +The display of characters having their eighth bit set was less standard. +Existing implementations use hex (0x00), octal (\\000), +and a meta-bit display. (The latter displayed characters with their +eighth bit set as the two characters \fB"M-"\fP , followed +by the seven-bit display as described previously.) The latter probably +has the best claim to historical practice because it was +used with the \fB-v\fP option of 4 BSD and 4 BSD-derived versions +of the \fIcat\fP utility +since 1980. +.LP +No specific display format is required by IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001. +Implementations are encouraged to conform to historic +practice in the absence of any strong reason to diverge. +.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS +.LP +None. +.SH SEE ALSO +.LP +\fIShell Command Language\fP , \fIctags\fP , \fIed\fP , \fIex\fP , +\fIvi\fP +.SH COPYRIGHT +Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form +from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology +-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base +Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of +Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the +event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and +The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard +is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at +http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html . |