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diff --git a/man-pages-posix-2013/man3p/fprintf.3p b/man-pages-posix-2013/man3p/fprintf.3p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..63f2c95 --- /dev/null +++ b/man-pages-posix-2013/man3p/fprintf.3p @@ -0,0 +1,1490 @@ +'\" et +.TH FPRINTF "3P" 2013 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual" +.SH PROLOG +This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. +The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult +the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), +or the interface may not be implemented on Linux. + +.SH NAME +dprintf, +fprintf, +printf, +snprintf, +sprintf +\(em print formatted output +.SH SYNOPSIS +.LP +.nf +#include <stdio.h> +.P +int dprintf(int \fIfildes\fP, const char *restrict \fIformat\fP, ...); +int fprintf(FILE *restrict \fIstream\fP, const char *restrict \fIformat\fP, ...); +int printf(const char *restrict \fIformat\fP, ...); +int snprintf(char *restrict \fIs\fP, size_t \fIn\fP, + const char *restrict \fIformat\fP, ...); +int sprintf(char *restrict \fIs\fP, const char *restrict \fIformat\fP, ...); +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +Excluding +\fIdprintf\fR(): +The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the +ISO\ C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the +ISO\ C standard is unintentional. This volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008 defers to the ISO\ C standard. +.P +The +\fIfprintf\fR() +function shall place output on the named output +.IR stream . +The +\fIprintf\fR() +function shall place output on the standard output stream +.IR stdout . +The +\fIsprintf\fR() +function shall place output followed by the null byte, +.BR '\e0' , +in consecutive bytes starting at *\fIs\fP; it is the user's +responsibility to ensure that enough space is available. +.P +The +\fIdprintf\fR() +function shall be equivalent to the +\fIfprintf\fR() +function, except that +\fIdprintf\fR() +shall write output to the file associated with the file descriptor +specified by the +.IR fildes +argument rather than place output on a stream. +.P +The +\fIsnprintf\fR() +function shall be equivalent to +\fIsprintf\fR(), +with the addition of the +.IR n +argument which states the size of the buffer referred to by +.IR s . +If +.IR n +is zero, nothing shall be written and +.IR s +may be a null pointer. Otherwise, output bytes beyond the +.IR n \(hy1st +shall be discarded instead of being written to the array, and a null +byte is written at the end of the bytes actually written into the +array. +.P +If copying takes place between objects that overlap as a result of a +call to +\fIsprintf\fR() +or +\fIsnprintf\fR(), +the results are undefined. +.P +Each of these functions converts, formats, and prints its arguments +under control of the +.IR format . +The +.IR format +is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, +if any. The +.IR format +is composed of zero or more directives: +.IR "ordinary characters" , +which are simply copied to the output stream, and +.IR "conversion specifications" , +each of which shall result in the fetching of zero or more arguments. +The results are undefined if there are insufficient arguments for the +.IR format . +If the +.IR format +is exhausted while arguments remain, the excess arguments shall be +evaluated but are otherwise ignored. +.P +Conversions can be applied to the +.IR n th +argument after the +.IR format +in the argument list, rather than to the next unused argument. In this +case, the conversion specifier character +.BR % +(see below) is replaced by the sequence \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR, where +.IR n +is a decimal integer in the range [1,{NL_ARGMAX}], +giving the position of the argument in the argument list. This feature +provides for the definition of format strings that select arguments in +an order appropriate to specific languages (see the EXAMPLES section). +.P +The +.IR format +can contain either numbered argument conversion specifications (that +is, \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR and \fR"*\fIm\fR$"\fR), or unnumbered argument +conversion specifications (that is, +.BR % +and +.BR * ), +but not both. The only exception to this is that +.BR %% +can be mixed with the \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR form. The results of mixing +numbered and unnumbered argument specifications in a +.IR format +string are undefined. When numbered argument specifications are used, +specifying the +.IR N th +argument requires that all the leading arguments, from the first to the +(\fIN\(mi1\fP)th, are specified in the format string. +.P +In format strings containing the \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR form of conversion +specification, numbered arguments in the argument list can be +referenced from the format string as many times as required. +.P +In format strings containing the +.BR % +form of conversion specification, each conversion specification uses +the first unused argument in the argument list. +.P +All forms of the +\fIfprintf\fR() +functions allow for the insertion of a language-dependent radix +character in the output string. The radix character is defined in the +current locale (category +.IR LC_NUMERIC ). +In the POSIX locale, or in a locale where the radix character is not +defined, the radix character shall default to a +<period> +(\c +.BR '.' ). +.P +Each conversion specification is introduced by the +.BR '%' +character +or by the character sequence \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR, +after which the following appear in sequence: +.IP " *" 4 +Zero or more +.IR flags +(in any order), which modify the meaning of the conversion +specification. +.IP " *" 4 +An optional minimum +.IR "field width" . +If the converted value has fewer bytes than the field width, it shall +be padded with +<space> +characters by default on the left; it shall be padded on the right if +the left-adjustment flag (\c +.BR '\(mi' ), +described below, is given to the field width. The field width takes the +form of an +<asterisk> +(\c +.BR '*' ), +described below, or a decimal integer. +.IP " *" 4 +An optional +.IR precision +that gives the minimum number of digits to appear for the +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +and +.BR X +conversion specifiers; the number of digits to appear after the radix +character for the +.BR a , +.BR A , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +and +.BR F +conversion specifiers; the maximum number of significant digits for the +.BR g +and +.BR G +conversion specifiers; or the maximum number of bytes to be printed +from a string in the +.BR s +and +.BR S +conversion specifiers. The precision takes the form of a +<period> +(\c +.BR '.' ) +followed either by an +<asterisk> +(\c +.BR '*' ), +described below, or an optional decimal digit string, where a null +digit string is treated as zero. If a precision appears with any other +conversion specifier, the behavior is undefined. +.IP " *" 4 +An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the argument. +.IP " *" 4 +A +.IR "conversion specifier" +character that indicates the type of conversion to be applied. +.P +A field width, or precision, or both, may be indicated by an +<asterisk> +(\c +.BR '*' ). +In this case an argument of type +.BR int +supplies the field width or precision. Applications shall ensure that +arguments specifying field width, or precision, or both appear in that +order before the argument, if any, to be converted. A negative field +width is taken as a +.BR '\(mi' +flag followed by a positive field width. A negative precision is taken +as if the precision were omitted. +In +.IR format +strings containing the \fR"%\fIn\fR$"\fR form of a +conversion specification, a field width or precision may be indicated +by the sequence \fR"*\fIm\fR$"\fR, where +.IR m +is a decimal integer in the range [1,{NL_ARGMAX}] giving the position +in the argument list (after the +.IR format +argument) of an integer argument containing the field width or +precision, for example: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +printf("%1$d:%2$.*3$d:%4$.*3$d\en", hour, min, precision, sec); +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The flag characters and their meanings are: +.IP "\fR'\fR" 8 +(The +<apostrophe>.) +The integer portion of the result of a decimal conversion (\c +.BR %i , +.BR %d , +.BR %u , +.BR %f , +.BR %F , +.BR %g , +or +.BR %G ) +shall be formatted with thousands' grouping characters. For other +conversions the behavior is undefined. The non-monetary grouping +character is used. +.IP "\fR\(mi\fR" 8 +The result of the conversion shall be left-justified within the field. +The conversion is right-justified if this flag is not specified. +.IP "\fR+\fR" 8 +The result of a signed conversion shall always begin with a sign (\c +.BR '+' +or +.BR '\(mi' ). +The conversion shall begin with a sign only when a negative value is +converted if this flag is not specified. +.IP <space> 8 +If the first character of a signed conversion is not a sign or if a +signed conversion results in no characters, a +<space> +shall be prefixed to the result. This means that if the +<space> +and +.BR '+' +flags both appear, the +<space> +flag shall be ignored. +.IP "\fR#\fR" 8 +Specifies that the value is to be converted to an alternative +form. For +.BR o +conversion, it increases the precision (if necessary) to force the +first digit of the result to be zero. For +.BR x +or +.BR X +conversion specifiers, a non-zero result shall have 0x (or 0X) prefixed +to it. For +.BR a , +.BR A , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR F , +.BR g , +and +.BR G +conversion specifiers, the result shall always contain a radix +character, even if no digits follow the radix character. Without this +flag, a radix character appears in the result of these conversions only +if a digit follows it. For +.BR g +and +.BR G +conversion specifiers, trailing zeros shall +.IR not +be removed from the result as they normally are. For other conversion +specifiers, the behavior is undefined. +.IP "\fR0\fR" 8 +For +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +.BR X , +.BR a , +.BR A , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR F , +.BR g , +and +.BR G +conversion specifiers, leading zeros (following any indication of sign +or base) are used to pad to the field width rather than performing +space padding, except when converting an infinity or NaN. If the +.BR '0' +and +.BR '\(mi' +flags both appear, the +.BR '0' +flag is ignored. For +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +and +.BR X +conversion specifiers, if a precision is specified, the +.BR '0' +flag shall be ignored. +If the +.BR '0' +and +<apostrophe> +flags both appear, the grouping characters are inserted before zero +padding. For other conversions, the behavior is undefined. +.P +The length modifiers and their meanings are: +.IP "\fRhh\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR "signed char" +or +.BR "unsigned char" +argument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integer +promotions, but its value shall be converted to +.BR "signed char" +or +.BR "unsigned char" +before printing); or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR "signed char" +argument. +.IP "\fRh\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR "short" +or +.BR "unsigned short" +argument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integer +promotions, but its value shall be converted to +.BR "short" +or +.BR "unsigned short" +before printing); or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR "short" +argument. +.IP "\fRl\fR\ (ell)" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR "long" +or +.BR "unsigned long" +argument; that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR "long" +argument; that a following +.BR c +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR wint_t +argument; that a following +.BR s +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR wchar_t +argument; or has no effect on a following +.BR a , +.BR A , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR F , +.BR g , +or +.BR G +conversion specifier. +.IP "\fRll\fR\ (ell-ell)" 8 +.br +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR "long long" +or +.BR "unsigned long long" +argument; or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR "long long" +argument. +.IP "\fRj\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to an +.BR intmax_t +or +.BR uintmax_t +argument; or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to an +.BR intmax_t +argument. +.IP "\fRz\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR size_t +or the corresponding signed integer type argument; or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a signed integer type +corresponding to a +.BR size_t +argument. +.IP "\fRt\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR d , +.BR i , +.BR o , +.BR u , +.BR x , +or +.BR X +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR ptrdiff_t +or the corresponding +.BR unsigned +type argument; or that a following +.BR n +conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a +.BR ptrdiff_t +argument. +.IP "\fRL\fR" 8 +Specifies that a following +.BR a , +.BR A , +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR F , +.BR g , +or +.BR G +conversion specifier applies to a +.BR "long double" +argument. +.P +If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than +as specified above, the behavior is undefined. +.P +The conversion specifiers and their meanings are: +.IP "\fRd\fR,\ \fRi\fR" 8 +The +.BR int +argument shall be converted to a signed decimal in the style +\fR"[\(mi]\fIdddd\fR"\fR. The precision specifies the minimum number of +digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in +fewer digits, it shall be expanded with leading zeros. The default +precision is 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit +precision of zero shall be no characters. +.IP "\fRo\fP" 8 +The +.BR unsigned +argument shall be converted to unsigned octal format in the style +\fR"\fIdddd\fR"\fR. The precision specifies the minimum number of +digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in +fewer digits, it shall be expanded with leading zeros. The default +precision is 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit +precision of zero shall be no characters. +.IP "\fRu\fP" 8 +The +.BR unsigned +argument shall be converted to unsigned decimal format in the style +\fR"\fIdddd\fR"\fR. The precision specifies the minimum number of +digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in +fewer digits, it shall be expanded with leading zeros. The default +precision is 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit +precision of zero shall be no characters. +.IP "\fRx\fP" 8 +The +.BR unsigned +argument shall be converted to unsigned hexadecimal format in the +style \fR"\fIdddd\fR"\fR; the letters +.BR \(dqabcdef\(dq +are used. The precision specifies the minimum number of digits to +appear; if the value being converted can be represented in fewer +digits, it shall be expanded with leading zeros. The default precision +is 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit precision of zero +shall be no characters. +.IP "\fRX\fP" 8 +Equivalent to the +.BR x +conversion specifier, except that letters +.BR \(dqABCDEF\(dq +are used instead of +.BR \(dqabcdef\(dq . +.IP "\fRf\fR,\ \fRF\fR" 8 +The +.BR double +argument shall be converted to decimal notation in the style +\fR"[\(mi]\fIddd\fR.\fIddd\fR"\fR, where the number of digits after the +radix character is equal to the precision specification. If the +precision is missing, it shall be taken as 6; if the precision is +explicitly zero and no +.BR '#' +flag is present, no radix character shall appear. If a radix character +appears, at least one digit appears before it. The low-order digit +shall be rounded in an implementation-defined manner. +.RS 8 +.P +A +.BR double +argument representing an infinity shall be converted in one of the +styles +.BR \(dq[\(mi]inf\(dq +or +.BR \(dq[\(mi]infinity\(dq ; +which style is implementation-defined. A +.BR double +argument representing a NaN shall be converted in one of the styles +\fR"[\(mi]nan(\fIn-char-sequence\fR)"\fR or +.BR \(dq[\(mi]nan\(dq ; +which style, and the meaning of any +.IR n-char-sequence , +is implementation-defined. The +.BR F +conversion specifier produces +.BR \(dqINF\(dq , +.BR \(dqINFINITY\(dq , +or +.BR \(dqNAN\(dq +instead of +.BR \(dqinf\(dq , +.BR \(dqinfinity\(dq , +or +.BR \(dqnan\(dq , +respectively. +.RE +.IP "\fRe\fR,\ \fRE\fR" 8 +The +.BR double +argument shall be converted in the style +\fR"[\(mi]\fId\fR.\fIddd\fRe\(+-\fIdd\fR"\fR, where there is one digit +before the radix character (which is non-zero if the argument is +non-zero) and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; +if the precision is missing, it shall be taken as 6; if the precision +is zero and no +.BR '#' +flag is present, no radix character shall appear. The low-order digit +shall be rounded in an implementation-defined manner. The +.BR E +conversion specifier shall produce a number with +.BR 'E' +instead of +.BR 'e' +introducing the exponent. The exponent shall always contain at least +two digits. If the value is zero, the exponent shall be zero. +.RS 8 +.P +A +.BR double +argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in +the style of an +.BR f +or +.BR F +conversion specifier. +.RE +.IP "\fRg\fR,\ \fRG\fR" 8 +The +.BR double +argument representing a floating-point number shall be converted in the +style +.BR f +or +.BR e +(or in the style +.BR F +or +.BR E +in the case of a +.BR G +conversion specifier), depending on the value converted and the precision. +Let +.BR P +equal the precision if non-zero, 6 if the precision is omitted, or 1 if the +precision is zero. Then, if a conversion with style +.BR E +would have an exponent of +.IR X : +.RS 8 +.IP -- 4 +If +.BR P >\c +.IR X \(>=\(mi4, +the conversion shall be with style +.BR f +(or +.BR F ) +and precision +.BR P \(mi(\c +.IR X +1). +.IP -- 4 +Otherwise, the conversion shall be with style +.BR e +(or +.BR E ) +and precision +.BR P \(mi1. +.P +Finally, unless the +.BR '#' +flag is used, any trailing zeros shall be removed from the fractional +portion of the result and the decimal-point character shall be removed +if there is no fractional portion remaining. +.P +A +.BR double +argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in the +style of an +.BR f +or +.BR F +conversion specifier. +.RE +.IP "\fRa\fR,\ \fRA\fR" 8 +A +.BR double +argument representing a floating-point number shall be converted in the +style \fR"[\(mi]0x\fIh\fR.\fIhhhh\fRp\(+-\fId\fR"\fR, where there is +one hexadecimal digit (which shall be non-zero if the argument is a +normalized floating-point number and is otherwise unspecified) before +the decimal-point character and the number of hexadecimal digits after +it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing and FLT_RADIX +is a power of 2, then the precision shall be sufficient for an exact +representation of the value; if the precision is missing and FLT_RADIX +is not a power of 2, then the precision shall be sufficient to +distinguish values of type +.BR double , +except that trailing zeros may be omitted; if the precision is zero and +the +.BR '#' +flag is not specified, no decimal-point character shall appear. The +letters +.BR \(dqabcdef\(dq +shall be used for +.BR a +conversion and the letters +.BR \(dqABCDEF\(dq +for +.BR A +conversion. The +.BR A +conversion specifier produces a number with +.BR 'X' +and +.BR 'P' +instead of +.BR 'x' +and +.BR 'p' . +The exponent shall always contain at least one digit, and only as many +more digits as necessary to represent the decimal exponent of 2. If the +value is zero, the exponent shall be zero. +.RS 8 +.P +A +.BR double +argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in the +style of an +.BR f +or +.BR F +conversion specifier. +.RE +.IP "\fRc\fP" 8 +The +.BR int +argument shall be converted to an +.BR "unsigned char" , +and the resulting byte shall be written. +.RS 8 +.P +If an +.BR l +(ell) qualifier is present, the +.BR wint_t +argument shall be converted as if by an +.BR ls +conversion specification with no precision and an argument that points +to a two-element array of type +.BR wchar_t , +the first element of which contains the +.BR wint_t +argument to the +.BR ls +conversion specification and the second element contains a null wide +character. +.RE +.IP "\fRs\fP" 8 +The argument shall be a pointer to an array of +.BR char . +Bytes from the array shall be written up to (but not including) any +terminating null byte. If the precision is specified, no more than that +many bytes shall be written. If the precision is not specified or is +greater than the size of the array, the application shall ensure that +the array contains a null byte. +.RS 8 +.P +If an +.BR l +(ell) qualifier is present, the argument shall be a pointer to an array +of type +.BR wchar_t . +Wide characters from the array shall be converted to characters (each +as if by a call to the +\fIwcrtomb\fR() +function, with the conversion state described by an +.BR mbstate_t +object initialized to zero before the first wide character is +converted) up to and including a terminating null wide character. The +resulting characters shall be written up to (but not including) the +terminating null character (byte). If no precision is specified, the +application shall ensure that the array contains a null wide character. +If a precision is specified, no more than that many characters (bytes) +shall be written (including shift sequences, if any), and the array +shall contain a null wide character if, to equal the character sequence +length given by the precision, the function would need to access a wide +character one past the end of the array. In no case shall a partial +character be written. +.RE +.IP "\fRp\fP" 8 +The argument shall be a pointer to +.BR void . +The value of the pointer is converted to a sequence of printable +characters, in an implementation-defined manner. +.IP "\fRn\fP" 8 +The argument shall be a pointer to an integer into which is written the +number of bytes written to the output so far by this call to one of the +\fIfprintf\fR() +functions. No argument is converted. +.IP "\fRC\fP" 8 +Equivalent to +.BR lc . +.IP "\fRS\fP" 8 +Equivalent to +.BR ls . +.IP "\fR%\fR" 8 +Print a +.BR '%' +character; no argument is converted. The complete conversion +specification shall be +.BR %% . +.P +If a conversion specification does not match one of the above forms, +the behavior is undefined. If any argument is not the correct type for +the corresponding conversion specification, the behavior is undefined. +.P +In no case shall a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of +a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, +the field shall be expanded to contain the conversion result. +Characters generated by +\fIfprintf\fR() +and +\fIprintf\fR() +are printed as if +\fIfputc\fR() +had been called. +.P +For the +.BR a +and +.BR A +conversion specifiers, if FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, the value shall be +correctly rounded to a hexadecimal floating number with the given +precision. +.P +For +.BR a +and +.BR A +conversions, if FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2 and the result is not +exactly representable in the given precision, the result should be one +of the two adjacent numbers in hexadecimal floating style with the +given precision, with the extra stipulation that the error should have +a correct sign for the current rounding direction. +.P +For the +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR F , +.BR g , +and +.BR G +conversion specifiers, if the number of significant decimal digits is +at most DECIMAL_DIG, then the result should be correctly rounded. If +the number of significant decimal digits is more than DECIMAL_DIG but +the source value is exactly representable with DECIMAL_DIG digits, then +the result should be an exact representation with trailing zeros. +Otherwise, the source value is bounded by two adjacent decimal strings +.IR L +< +.IR U , +both having DECIMAL_DIG significant digits; the value of the resultant +decimal string +.IR D +should satisfy +.IR L +<= +.IR D +<= +.IR U , +with the extra stipulation that the error should have a correct sign +for the current rounding direction. +.P +The last data modification and last file status change timestamps +of the file shall be marked for update: +.IP " 1." 4 +Between the call to a successful execution of +\fIfprintf\fR() +or +\fIprintf\fR() +and the next successful completion of a call to +\fIfflush\fR() +or +\fIfclose\fR() +on the same stream or a call to +\fIexit\fR() +or +\fIabort\fR() +.IP " 2." 4 +Upon successful completion of a call to +\fIdprintf\fR() +.SH "RETURN VALUE" +Upon successful completion, the +\fIdprintf\fR(), +\fIfprintf\fR(), +and +\fIprintf\fR() +functions shall return the number of bytes transmitted. +.P +Upon successful completion, the +\fIsprintf\fR() +function shall return the number of bytes written to +.IR s , +excluding the terminating null byte. +.P +Upon successful completion, the +\fIsnprintf\fR() +function shall return the number of bytes that would be written to +.IR s +had +.IR n +been sufficiently large excluding the terminating null byte. +.P +If an output error was encountered, these functions shall return a +negative value +and set +.IR errno +to indicate the error. +.P +If the value of +.IR n +is zero on a call to +\fIsnprintf\fR(), +nothing shall be written, the number of bytes that would have been +written had +.IR n +been sufficiently large excluding the terminating null shall be +returned, and +.IR s +may be a null pointer. +.SH ERRORS +For the conditions under which +\fIdprintf\fR(), +\fIfprintf\fR(), +and +\fIprintf\fR() +fail and may fail, refer to +.IR "\fIfputc\fR\^(\|)" +or +.IR "\fIfputwc\fR\^(\|)". +.P +In addition, all forms of +\fIfprintf\fR() +shall fail if: +.TP +.BR EILSEQ +A wide-character code that does not correspond to a valid character +has been detected. +.TP +.BR EOVERFLOW +The value to be returned is greater than +{INT_MAX}. +.P +In addition, all forms of +\fIfprintf\fR() +may fail if: +.TP +.BR EINVAL +There are insufficient arguments. +.P +The +\fIdprintf\fR() +function may fail if: +.TP +.BR EBADF +The +.IR fildes +argument is not a valid file descriptor. +.P +The +\fIdprintf\fR(), +\fIfprintf\fR(), +and +\fIprintf\fR() +functions may fail if: +.TP +.BR ENOMEM +Insufficient storage space is available. +.P +The +\fIsnprintf\fR() +function shall fail if: +.TP +.BR EOVERFLOW +The value of +.IR n +is greater than +{INT_MAX}. +.LP +.IR "The following sections are informative." +.SH "EXAMPLES" +.SS "Printing Language-Independent Date and Time" +.P +The following statement can be used to print date and time using a +language-independent format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +printf(format, weekday, month, day, hour, min); +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +For American usage, +.IR format +could be a pointer to the following string: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%s, %s %d, %d:%.2d\en" +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +This example would produce the following message: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +Sunday, July 3, 10:02 +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +For German usage, +.IR format +could be a pointer to the following string: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\en" +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +This definition of +.IR format +would produce the following message: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02 +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing File Information" +.P +The following example prints information about the type, permissions, +and number of links of a specific file in a directory. +.P +The first two calls to +\fIprintf\fR() +use data decoded from a previous +\fIstat\fR() +call. The user-defined +\fIstrperm\fR() +function shall return a string similar to the one at the beginning of the +output for the following command: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +ls \(mil +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The next call to +\fIprintf\fR() +outputs the owner's name if it is found using +\fIgetpwuid\fR(); +the +\fIgetpwuid\fR() +function shall return a +.BR passwd +structure from which the name of the user is extracted. If the user +name is not found, the program instead prints out the numeric value of +the user ID. +.P +The next call prints out the group name if it is found using +\fIgetgrgid\fR(); +\fIgetgrgid\fR() +is very similar to +\fIgetpwuid\fR() +except that it shall return group information based on the group number. +Once again, if the group is not found, the program prints the numeric +value of the group for the entry. +.P +The final call to +\fIprintf\fR() +prints the size of the file. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdio.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <pwd.h> +#include <grp.h> +.P +char *strperm (mode_t); +\&... +struct stat statbuf; +struct passwd *pwd; +struct group *grp; +\&... +printf("%10.10s", strperm (statbuf.st_mode)); +printf("%4d", statbuf.st_nlink); +.P +if ((pwd = getpwuid(statbuf.st_uid)) != NULL) + printf(" %\(mi8.8s", pwd->pw_name); +else + printf(" %\(mi8ld", (long) statbuf.st_uid); +.P +if ((grp = getgrgid(statbuf.st_gid)) != NULL) + printf(" %\(mi8.8s", grp->gr_name); +else + printf(" %\(mi8ld", (long) statbuf.st_gid); +.P +printf("%9jd", (intmax_t) statbuf.st_size); +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing a Localized Date String" +.P +The following example gets a localized date string. The +\fInl_langinfo\fR() +function shall return the localized date string, which specifies the +order and layout of the date. The +\fIstrftime\fR() +function takes this information and, using the +.BR tm +structure for values, places the date and time information into +.IR datestring . +The +\fIprintf\fR() +function then outputs +.IR datestring +and the name of the entry. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdio.h> +#include <time.h> +#include <langinfo.h> +\&... +struct dirent *dp; +struct tm *tm; +char datestring[256]; +\&... +strftime(datestring, sizeof(datestring), nl_langinfo (D_T_FMT), tm); +.P +printf(" %s %s\en", datestring, dp->d_name); +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing Error Information" +.P +The following example uses +\fIfprintf\fR() +to write error information to standard error. +.P +In the first group of calls, the program tries to open the password +lock file named +.BR LOCKFILE . +If the file already exists, this is an error, as indicated by the +O_EXCL flag on the +\fIopen\fR() +function. If the call fails, the program assumes that someone else is +updating the password file, and the program exits. +.P +The next group of calls saves a new password file as the current +password file by creating a link between +.BR LOCKFILE +and the new password file +.BR PASSWDFILE . +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <sys/stat.h> +#include <fcntl.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <errno.h> +.P +#define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp" +#define PASSWDFILE "/etc/passwd" +\&... +int pfd; +\&... +if ((pfd = open(LOCKFILE, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL, + S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)) == \(mi1) +{ + fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open /etc/ptmp. Try again later.\en"); + exit(1); +} +\&... +if (link(LOCKFILE,PASSWDFILE) == -1) { + fprintf(stderr, "Link error: %s\en", strerror(errno)); + exit(1); +} +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing Usage Information" +.P +The following example checks to make sure the program has the necessary +arguments, and uses +\fIfprintf\fR() +to print usage information if the expected number of arguments is not +present. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +\&... +char *Options = "hdbtl"; +\&... +if (argc < 2) { + fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s -%s <file\en", argv[0], Options); exit(1); +} +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Formatting a Decimal String" +.P +The following example prints a key and data pair on +.IR stdout . +Note use of the +<asterisk> +(\c +.BR '*' ) +in the format string; this ensures the correct number of decimal places +for the element based on the number of elements requested. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdio.h> +\&... +long i; +char *keystr; +int elementlen, len; +\&... +while (len < elementlen) { +\&... + printf("%s Element%0*ld\en", keystr, elementlen, i); +\&... +} +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Creating a Pathname" +.P +The following example creates a pathname using information from a previous +\fIgetpwnam\fR() +function that returned the password database entry of the user. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdint.h> +#include <stdio.h> +#include <stdlib.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <sys/types.h> +#include <unistd.h> +\&... +char *pathname; +struct passwd *pw; +size_t len; +\&... +// digits required for pid_t is number of bits times +// log2(10) = approx 10/33 +len = strlen(pw->pw_dir) + 1 + 1+(sizeof(pid_t)*80+32)/33 + + sizeof ".out"; +pathname = malloc(len); +if (pathname != NULL) +{ + snprintf(pathname, len, "%s/%jd.out", pw->pw_dir, + (intmax_t)getpid()); + ... +} +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Reporting an Event" +.P +The following example loops until an event has timed out. The +\fIpause\fR() +function waits forever unless it receives a signal. The +\fIfprintf\fR() +statement should never occur due to the possible return values of +\fIpause\fR(). +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <stdio.h> +#include <unistd.h> +#include <string.h> +#include <errno.h> +\&... +while (!event_complete) { +\&... + if (pause() != \(mi1 || errno != EINTR) + fprintf(stderr, "pause: unknown error: %s\en", strerror(errno)); +} +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing Monetary Information" +.P +The following example uses +\fIstrfmon\fR() +to convert a number and store it as a formatted monetary string named +.IR convbuf . +If the first number is printed, the program prints the format and the +description; otherwise, it just prints the number. +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +#include <monetary.h> +#include <stdio.h> +\&... +struct tblfmt { + char *format; + char *description; +}; +.P +struct tblfmt table[] = { + { "%n", "default formatting" }, + { "%11n", "right align within an 11 character field" }, + { "%#5n", "aligned columns for values up to 99\|999" }, + { "%=*#5n", "specify a fill character" }, + { "%=0#5n", "fill characters do not use grouping" }, + { "%^#5n", "disable the grouping separator" }, + { "%^#5.0n", "round off to whole units" }, + { "%^#5.4n", "increase the precision" }, + { "%(#5n", "use an alternative pos/neg style" }, + { "%!(#5n", "disable the currency symbol" }, +}; +\&... +float input[3]; +int i, j; +char convbuf[100]; +\&... +strfmon(convbuf, sizeof(convbuf), table[i].format, input[j]); +.P +if (j == 0) { + printf("%s\t%s\t%s\en", table[i].format, + convbuf, table[i].description); +} +else { + printf("\t%s\en", convbuf); +} +\&... +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.SS "Printing Wide Characters" +.P +The following example prints a series of wide characters. Suppose that +.BR \(dqL`@`\(dq +expands to three bytes: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +wchar_t wz [3] = L"@@"; // Zero-terminated +wchar_t wn [3] = L"@@@"; // Unterminated +.P +fprintf (stdout,"%ls", wz); // Outputs 6 bytes +fprintf (stdout,"%ls", wn); // Undefined because wn has no terminator +fprintf (stdout,"%4ls", wz); // Outputs 3 bytes +fprintf (stdout,"%4ls", wn); // Outputs 3 bytes; no terminator needed +fprintf (stdout,"%9ls", wz); // Outputs 6 bytes +fprintf (stdout,"%9ls", wn); // Outputs 9 bytes; no terminator needed +fprintf (stdout,"%10ls", wz); // Outputs 6 bytes +fprintf (stdout,"%10ls", wn); // Undefined because wn has no terminator +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +In the last line of the example, after processing three characters, +nine bytes have been output. The fourth character must then be examined +to determine whether it converts to one byte or more. If it converts +to more than one byte, the output is only nine bytes. Since there is +no fourth character in the array, the behavior is undefined. +.SH "APPLICATION USAGE" +If the application calling +\fIfprintf\fR() +has any objects of type +.BR wint_t +or +.BR wchar_t , +it must also include the +.IR <wchar.h> +header to have these objects defined. +.SH RATIONALE +None. +.SH "FUTURE DIRECTIONS" +None. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.IR "Section 2.5" ", " "Standard I/O Streams", +.IR "\fIfputc\fR\^(\|)", +.IR "\fIfscanf\fR\^(\|)", +.IR "\fIsetlocale\fR\^(\|)", +.IR "\fIstrfmon\fR\^(\|)", +.IR "\fIwcrtomb\fR\^(\|)" +.P +The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Chapter 7" ", " "Locale", +.IR "\fB<stdio.h>\fP", +.IR "\fB<wchar.h>\fP" +.SH COPYRIGHT +Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form +from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology +-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base +Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of +Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. +(This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the +event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and +The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard +is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at +http://www.unix.org/online.html . + +Any typographical or formatting errors that appear +in this page are most likely +to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to +man page format. To report such errors, see +https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html . |