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diff --git a/man-pages-posix-2013/man1p/ed.1p b/man-pages-posix-2013/man1p/ed.1p new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dd071cf --- /dev/null +++ b/man-pages-posix-2013/man1p/ed.1p @@ -0,0 +1,2097 @@ +'\" et +.TH ED "1P" 2013 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual" +.SH PROLOG +This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. +The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult +the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), +or the interface may not be implemented on Linux. + +.SH NAME +ed +\(em edit text +.SH SYNOPSIS +.LP +.nf +ed \fB[\fR\(mip \fIstring\fB] [\fR\(mis\fB] [\fIfile\fB]\fR +.fi +.SH DESCRIPTION +The +.IR ed +utility is a line-oriented text editor that uses two modes: +.IR "command mode" +and +.IR "input mode" . +In command mode the input characters shall be interpreted as commands, +and in input mode they shall be interpreted as text. See the EXTENDED +DESCRIPTION section. +.P +If an operand is +.BR '\(mi' , +the results are unspecified. +.SH OPTIONS +The +.IR ed +utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines", +except for the unspecified usage of +.BR '\(mi' . +.P +The following options shall be supported: +.IP "\fB\(mip\ \fIstring\fR" 10 +Use +.IR string +as the prompt string when in command mode. By default, there shall be +no prompt string. +.IP "\fB\(mis\fP" 10 +Suppress the writing of byte counts by +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR r , +and +.BR w +commands and of the +.BR '!' +prompt after a !\fIcommand\fR. +.SH OPERANDS +The following operand shall be supported: +.IP "\fIfile\fR" 10 +If the +.IR file +argument is given, +.IR ed +shall simulate an +.BR e +command on the file named by the pathname, +.IR file , +before accepting commands from the standard input. +.SH STDIN +The standard input shall be a text file consisting of commands, as +described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. +.SH "INPUT FILES" +The input files shall be text files. +.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" +The following environment variables shall affect the execution of +.IR ed : +.IP "\fIHOME\fP" 10 +Determine the pathname of the user's home directory. +.IP "\fILANG\fP" 10 +Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are +unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Section 8.2" ", " "Internationalization Variables" +for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine +the values of locale categories.) +.IP "\fILC_ALL\fP" 10 +If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the +other internationalization variables. +.IP "\fILC_COLLATE\fP" 10 +.br +Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, +and multi-character collating elements within regular expressions. +.IP "\fILC_CTYPE\fP" 10 +Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of +text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to +multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and the behavior of +character classes within regular expressions. +.IP "\fILC_MESSAGES\fP" 10 +.br +Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and +contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error and +informative messages written to standard output. +.IP "\fINLSPATH\fP" 10 +Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of +.IR LC_MESSAGES . +.SH "ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS" +The +.IR ed +utility shall take the standard action for all signals (see the +ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section in +.IR "Section 1.4" ", " "Utility Description Defaults") +with the following exceptions: +.IP SIGINT 10 +The +.IR ed +utility shall interrupt its current activity, write the string +.BR \(dq?\en\(dq +to standard output, and return to command mode (see the EXTENDED +DESCRIPTION section). +.IP SIGHUP 10 +If the buffer is not empty and has changed since the last write, the +.IR ed +utility shall attempt to write a copy of the buffer in a file. First, +the file named +.BR ed.hup +in the current directory shall be used; if that fails, the file named +.BR ed.hup +in the directory named by the +.IR HOME +environment variable shall be used. In any case, the +.IR ed +utility shall exit without writing the file to the currently +remembered pathname and without returning to command mode. +.IP SIGQUIT 10 +The +.IR ed +utility shall ignore this event. +.SH STDOUT +Various editing commands and the prompting feature (see +.BR \(mip ) +write to standard output, as described in the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION +section. +.SH STDERR +The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages. +.SH "OUTPUT FILES" +The output files shall be text files whose formats are dependent on the +editing commands given. +.SH "EXTENDED DESCRIPTION" +The +.IR ed +utility shall operate on a copy of the file it is editing; changes made +to the copy shall have no effect on the file until a +.BR w +(write) command is given. The copy of the text is called the +.IR buffer . +.P +Commands to +.IR ed +have a simple and regular structure: zero, one, or two +.IR addresses +followed by a single-character +.IR command , +possibly followed by parameters to that command. These addresses +specify one or more lines in the buffer. Every command that requires +addresses has default addresses, so that the addresses very often can +be omitted. If the +.BR \(mip +option is specified, the prompt string shall be written to standard +output before each command is read. +.P +In general, only one command can appear on a line. Certain commands +allow text to be input. This text is placed in the appropriate place in +the buffer. While +.IR ed +is accepting text, it is said to be in \fIinput mode\fR. In this mode, +no commands shall be recognized; all input is merely collected. Input +mode is terminated by entering a line consisting of two characters: a +<period> +(\c +.BR '.' ) +followed by a +<newline>. +This line is not considered part of the input text. +.SS "Regular Expressions in ed" +.P +The +.IR ed +utility shall support basic regular expressions, as described in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Section 9.3" ", " "Basic Regular Expressions". +Since regular expressions in +.IR ed +are always matched against single lines (excluding the terminating +<newline> +characters), never against any larger section of text, there is no way +for a regular expression to match a +<newline>. +.P +A null RE shall be equivalent to the last RE encountered. +.P +Regular expressions are used in addresses to specify lines, and in some +commands (for example, the +.BR s +substitute command) to specify portions of a line to be substituted. +.SS "Addresses in ed" +.P +Addressing in +.IR ed +relates to the current line. Generally, the current line is the last +line affected by a command. The current line number is the address of +the current line. If the edit buffer is not empty, the initial value +for the current line shall be the last line in the edit buffer; +otherwise, zero. +.P +Addresses shall be constructed as follows: +.IP " 1." 4 +The +<period> +character (\c +.BR '.' ) +shall address the current line. +.IP " 2." 4 +The +<dollar-sign> +character (\c +.BR '$' ) +shall address the last line of the edit buffer. +.IP " 3." 4 +The positive decimal number +.IR n +shall address the +.IR n th +line of the edit buffer. +.IP " 4." 4 +The +<apostrophe>-x +character pair (\c +.BR \(dq'x\(dq ) +shall address the line marked with the mark name character +.IR x , +which shall be a lowercase letter from the portable character set. It +shall be an error if the character has not been set to mark a line or +if the line that was marked is not currently present in the edit +buffer. +.IP " 5." 4 +A BRE enclosed by +<slash> +characters (\c +.BR '/' ) +shall address the first line found by searching forwards from the line +following the current line toward the end of the edit buffer and +stopping at the first line for which the line excluding the +terminating +<newline> +matches the BRE. The BRE consisting of a null BRE delimited by a pair of +<slash> +characters shall address the next line for which the line excluding +the terminating +<newline> +matches the last BRE encountered. In addition, the second +<slash> +can be omitted at the end of a command line. Within the BRE, a +<backslash>-\c +<slash> +pair (\c +.BR \(dq\e/\(dq ) +shall represent a literal +<slash> +instead of the BRE delimiter. If necessary, the search shall wrap around +to the beginning of the buffer and continue up to and including the +current line, so that the entire buffer is searched. +.IP " 6." 4 +A BRE enclosed by +<question-mark> +characters (\c +.BR '?' ) +shall address the first line found by searching backwards from the line +preceding the current line toward the beginning of the edit buffer and +stopping at the first line for which the line excluding the terminating +<newline> +matches the BRE. The BRE consisting of a null BRE delimited by a pair +of +<question-mark> +characters (\c +.BR \(dq??\(dq ) +shall address the previous line for which the line excluding the +terminating +<newline> +matches the last BRE encountered. In addition, the second +<question-mark> +can be omitted at the end of a command line. Within the +BRE, a +<backslash>-\c +<question-mark> +pair (\c +.BR \(dq\e?\(dq ) +shall represent a literal +<question-mark> +instead of the BRE delimiter. If necessary, the search shall wrap around +to the end of the buffer and continue up to and including the current +line, so that the entire buffer is searched. +.IP " 7." 4 +A +<plus-sign> +(\c +.BR '\(pl' ) +or +<hyphen> +character (\c +.BR '\(mi' ) +followed by a decimal number shall address the current line plus or +minus the number. A +<plus-sign> +or +<hyphen> +character not followed by a decimal number shall address the current +line plus or minus 1. +.P +Addresses can be followed by zero or more address offsets, optionally +<blank>-separated. +Address offsets are constructed as follows: +.IP " *" 4 +A +<plus-sign> +or +<hyphen> +character followed by a decimal number shall add or subtract, +respectively, the indicated number of lines to or from the address. A +<plus-sign> +or +<hyphen> +character not followed by a decimal number shall add or subtract 1 to +or from the address. +.IP " *" 4 +A decimal number shall add the indicated number of lines to the +address. +.P +It shall not be an error for an intermediate address value to be less +than zero or greater than the last line in the edit buffer. It shall be +an error for the final address value to be less than zero or greater +than the last line in the edit buffer. It shall be an error if a search +for a BRE fails to find a matching line. +.P +Commands accept zero, one, or two addresses. If more than the required +number of addresses are provided to a command that requires zero +addresses, it shall be an error. Otherwise, if more than the required +number of addresses are provided to a command, the addresses specified +first shall be evaluated and then discarded until the maximum number of +valid addresses remain, for the specified command. +.P +Addresses shall be separated from each other by a +<comma> +(\c +.BR ',' ) +or +<semicolon> +character (\c +.BR ';' ). +In the case of a +<semicolon> +separator, the current line (\c +.BR '.' ) +shall be set to the first address, and only then will the second +address be calculated. This feature can be used to determine the +starting line for forwards and backwards searches; see rules 5. and +6. +.P +Addresses can be omitted on either side of the +<comma> +or +<semicolon> +separator, in which case the resulting address pairs shall be as +follows: +.TS +center box tab(!); +cB | cB +lf5 | lf5. +Specified!Resulting +_ +\&,!1 , $ +\&, addr!1 , addr +addr ,!addr , addr +;!. ; $ +; addr!. ; addr +addr ;!addr ; addr +.TE +.P +Any +<blank> +characters included between addresses, address separators, or address +offsets shall be ignored. +.SS "Commands in ed" +.P +In the following list of +.IR ed +commands, the default addresses are shown in parentheses. The number of +addresses shown in the default shall be the number expected by the +command. The parentheses are not part of the address; they show that +the given addresses are the default. +.P +It is generally invalid for more than one command to appear on a line. +However, any command (except +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR q , +.BR Q , +.BR r , +.BR w , +and +.BR ! ) +can be suffixed by the letter +.BR l , +.BR n , +or +.BR p ; +in which case, except for the +.BR l , +.BR n , +and +.BR p +commands, the command shall be executed and then the new current line +shall be written as described below under the +.BR l , +.BR n , +and +.BR p +commands. When an +.BR l , +.BR n , +or +.BR p +suffix is used with an +.BR l , +.BR n , +or +.BR p +command, the command shall write to standard output as described below, +but it is unspecified whether the suffix writes the current line again +in the requested format or whether the suffix has no effect. For +example, the +.BR pl +command (base +.BR p +command with an +.BR l +suffix) shall either write just the current line or write it +twice\(emonce as specified for +.BR p +and once as specified for +.BR l . +Also, the +.BR g , +.BR G , +.BR v , +and +.BR V +commands shall take a command as a parameter. +.P +Each address component can be preceded by zero or more +<blank> +characters. The command letter can be preceded by zero or more +<blank> +characters. If a suffix letter (\c +.BR l , +.BR n , +or +.BR p ) +is given, the application shall ensure that it immediately follows the +command. +.P +The +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR r , +and +.BR w +commands shall take an optional +.IR file +parameter, separated from the command letter by one or more +<blank> +characters. +.P +If changes have been made in the buffer since the last +.BR w +command that wrote the entire buffer, +.IR ed +shall warn the user if an attempt is made to destroy the editor buffer +via the +.BR e +or +.BR q +commands. The +.IR ed +utility shall write the string: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"?\en" +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +(followed by an explanatory message if +.IR "help mode" +has been enabled via the +.BR H +command) to standard output and shall continue in command mode with the +current line number unchanged. If the +.BR e +or +.BR q +command is repeated with no intervening command, it shall take effect. +.P +If a terminal disconnect (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Chapter 11" ", " "General Terminal Interface", +Modem Disconnect and Closing a Device Terminal), is detected: +.IP " *" 4 +If accompanied by a SIGHUP signal, the +.IR ed +utility shall operate as described in the ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS section +for a SIGHUP signal. +.IP " *" 4 +If not accompanied by a SIGHUP signal, the +.IR ed +utility shall act as if an end-of-file had been detected on standard +input. +.P +If an end-of-file is detected on standard input: +.IP " *" 4 +If the +.IR ed +utility is in input mode, +.IR ed +shall terminate input mode and return to command mode. It is +unspecified if any partially entered lines (that is, input text without +a terminating +<newline>) +are discarded from the input text. +.IP " *" 4 +If the +.IR ed +utility is in command mode, it shall act as if a +.BR q +command had been entered. +.P +If the closing delimiter of an RE or of a replacement string (for +example, +.BR '/' ) +in a +.BR g , +.BR G , +.BR s , +.BR v , +or +.BR V +command would be the last character before a +<newline>, +that delimiter can be omitted, in which case the addressed line shall +be written. For example, the following pairs of commands are +equivalent: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +s/s1/s2 s/s1/s2/p +g/s1 g/s1/p +?s1 ?s1? +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +If an invalid command is entered, +.IR ed +shall write the string: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"?\en" +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +(followed by an explanatory message if +.IR "help mode" +has been enabled via the +.BR H +command) to standard output and shall continue in command mode with the +current line number unchanged. +.SS "Append Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.)a +<\fItext\fR> +\&. +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR a +command shall read the given text and append it after the addressed +line; the current line number shall become the address of the last +inserted line or, if there were none, the addressed line. Address 0 +shall be valid for this command; it shall cause the appended text to be +placed at the beginning of the buffer. +.SS "Change Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)c +<\fItext\fR> +\&. +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR c +command shall delete the addressed lines, then accept input text that +replaces these lines; the current line shall be set to the address of +the last line input; or, if there were none, at the line after the last +line deleted; if the lines deleted were originally at the end of the +buffer, the current line number shall be set to the address of the new +last line; if no lines remain in the buffer, the current line number +shall be set to zero. Address 0 shall be valid for this command; it +shall be interpreted as if address 1 were specified. +.SS "Delete Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)d +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR d +command shall delete the addressed lines from the buffer. The address +of the line after the last line deleted shall become the current line +number; if the lines deleted were originally at the end of the buffer, +the current line number shall be set to the address of the new last +line; if no lines remain in the buffer, the current line number shall +be set to zero. +.SS "Edit Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +e \fB[\fIfile\fB]\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR e +command shall delete the entire contents of the buffer and then read in +the file named by the pathname +.IR file . +The current line number shall be set to the address of the last line of +the buffer. If no pathname is given, the currently remembered pathname, +if any, shall be used (see the +.BR f +command). The number of bytes read shall be written to standard output, +unless the +.BR \(mis +option was specified, in the following format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%d\en", <\fInumber of bytes read\fR> +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The name \fIfile\fR shall be remembered for possible use as a default +pathname in subsequent +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR r , +and +.BR w +commands. If +.IR file +is replaced by +.BR '!' , +the rest of the line shall be taken to be a shell command line whose +output is to be read. Such a shell command line shall not be remembered +as the current +.IR file . +All marks shall be discarded upon the completion of a successful +.BR e +command. If the buffer has changed since the last time the entire +buffer was written, the user shall be warned, as described previously. +.SS "Edit Without Checking Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +E \fB[\fIfile\fB]\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR E +command shall possess all properties and restrictions of the +.BR e +command except that the editor shall not check to see whether any +changes have been made to the buffer since the last +.BR w +command. +.SS "Filename Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +f \fB[\fIfile\fB]\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +If +.IR file +is given, the +.BR f +command shall change the currently remembered pathname to +.IR file ; +whether the name is changed or not, it shall then write the (possibly +new) currently remembered pathname to the standard output in the +following format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%s\en", <\fIpathname\fR> +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The current line number shall be unchanged. +.SS "Global Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(1,$)g/\fIRE\fR/\fIcommand list\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +In the +.BR g +command, the first step shall be to mark every line for which the +line excluding the terminating +<newline> +matches the given RE. Then, going sequentially from the beginning of +the file to the end of the file, the given +.IR "command list" +shall be executed for each marked line, with the current line number +set to the address of that line. Any line modified by the +.IR "command list" +shall be unmarked. When the +.BR g +command completes, the current line number shall have the value +assigned by the last command in the +.IR "command list" . +If there were no matching lines, the current line number shall not be +changed. A single command or the first of a list of commands shall +appear on the same line as the global command. All lines of a +multi-line list except the last line shall be ended with a +<backslash> +preceding the terminating +<newline>; +the +.BR a , +.BR i , +and +.BR c +commands and associated input are permitted. The +.BR '.' +terminating input mode can be omitted if it would be the last line of +the \fIcommand list\fR. An empty \fIcommand list\fR shall be equivalent +to the +.BR p +command. The use of the +.BR g , +.BR G , +.BR v , +.BR V , +and +.BR ! +commands in the +.IR "command list" +produces undefined results. Any character other than +<space> +or +<newline> +can be used instead of a +<slash> +to delimit the RE. Within the RE, the RE delimiter itself can be used +as a literal character if it is preceded by a +<backslash>. +.SS "Interactive Global Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(1,$)G/\fIRE\fR/ +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +In the +.BR G +command, the first step shall be to mark every line for which the line +excluding the terminating +<newline> +matches the given RE. Then, for every such line, that line shall be +written, the current line number shall be set to the address of that +line, and any one command (other than one of the +.BR a , +.BR c , +.BR i , +.BR g , +.BR G , +.BR v , +and +.BR V +commands) shall be read and executed. A +<newline> +shall act as a null command (causing no action to be taken on +the current line); an +.BR '&' +shall cause the re-execution of the most recent non-null command +executed within the current invocation of +.BR G . +Note that the commands input as part of the execution of the +.BR G +command can address and affect any lines in the buffer. Any line +modified by the command shall be unmarked. The final value +of the current line number shall be the value set by the last command +successfully executed. (Note that the last command successfully +executed shall be the +.BR G +command itself if a command fails or the null command is specified.) If +there were no matching lines, the current line number shall not be +changed. The +.BR G +command can be terminated by a SIGINT signal. Any character other than +<space> +or +<newline> +can be used instead of a +<slash> +to delimit the RE and the replacement. Within the RE, the RE delimiter +itself can be used as a literal character if it is preceded by a +<backslash>. +.SS "Help Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +h +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR h +command shall write a short message to standard output that explains +the reason for the most recent +.BR '?' +notification. The current line number shall be unchanged. +.SS "Help-Mode Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +H +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR H +command shall cause +.IR ed +to enter a mode in which help messages (see the +.BR h +command) shall be written to standard output for all subsequent +.BR '?' +notifications. The +.BR H +command alternately shall turn this mode on and off; it is initially +off. If the help-mode is being turned on, the +.BR H +command also explains the previous +.BR '?' +notification, if there was one. The current line number shall be +unchanged. +.SS "Insert Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.)i +<\fItext\fR> +\&. +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR i +command shall insert the given text before the addressed line; the +current line is set to the last inserted line or, if there was none, to +the addressed line. This command differs from the +.BR a +command only in the placement of the input text. Address 0 shall be +valid for this command; it shall be interpreted as if address 1 were +specified. +.SS "Join Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.+1)j +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR j +command shall join contiguous lines by removing the appropriate +<newline> +characters. If exactly one address is given, this command shall do +nothing. If lines are joined, the current line number shall be set to +the address of the joined line; otherwise, the current line number shall +be unchanged. +.SS "Mark Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.)k\fIx\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR k +command shall mark the addressed line with name +.IR x , +which the application shall ensure is a lowercase letter from the +portable character set. The address +.BR \(dq'x\(dq +shall then refer to this line; the current line number shall be +unchanged. +.SS "List Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)l +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR l +command shall write to standard output the addressed lines in a +visually unambiguous form. The characters listed in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Table 5-1" ", " "Escape Sequences and Associated Actions" +(\c +.BR '\e\e' , +.BR '\ea' , +.BR '\eb' , +.BR '\ef' , +.BR '\er' , +.BR '\et' , +.BR '\ev' ) +shall be written as the corresponding escape sequence; the +.BR '\en' +in that table is not applicable. Non-printable characters not in the +table shall be written as one three-digit octal number (with a +preceding +<backslash> +character) for each byte in the character (most significant byte first). +.P +Long lines shall be folded, with the point of folding indicated by +<newline> +preceded by a +<backslash>; +the length at which folding occurs is unspecified, but should be +appropriate for the output device. The end of each line shall be marked +with a +.BR '$' , +and +.BR '$' +characters within the text shall be written with a preceding +<backslash>. +An +.BR l +command can be appended to any other command other than +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR q , +.BR Q , +.BR r , +.BR w , +or +.BR ! . +The current line number shall be set to the address of the last line +written. +.SS "Move Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)m\fIaddress\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR m +command shall reposition the addressed lines after the line addressed +by +.IR address . +Address 0 shall be valid for +.IR address +and cause the addressed lines to be moved to the beginning of the +buffer. It shall be an error if address +.IR address +falls within the range of moved lines. The current line number shall be +set to the address of the last line moved. +.SS "Number Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)n +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR n +command shall write to standard output the addressed lines, preceding +each line by its line number and a +<tab>; +the current line number shall be set to the address of the last line +written. The +.BR n +command can be appended to any command other than +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR q , +.BR Q , +.BR r , +.BR w , +or +.BR ! . +.SS "Print Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)p +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR p +command shall write to standard output the addressed lines; the current +line number shall be set to the address of the last line written. The +.BR p +command can be appended to any command other than +.BR e , +.BR E , +.BR f , +.BR q , +.BR Q , +.BR r , +.BR w , +or +.BR ! . +.SS "Prompt Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +P +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR P +command shall cause +.IR ed +to prompt with an +<asterisk> +(\c +.BR '*' ) +(or +.IR string , +if +.BR \(mip +is specified) for all subsequent commands. The +.BR P +command alternatively shall turn this mode on and off; it shall be +initially on if the +.BR \(mip +option is specified; otherwise, off. The current line number shall be +unchanged. +.SS "Quit Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +q +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR q +command shall cause +.IR ed +to exit. If the buffer has changed since the last time the entire +buffer was written, the user shall be warned, as described previously. +.SS "Quit Without Checking Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +Q +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR Q +command shall cause +.IR ed +to exit without checking whether changes have been made in the buffer +since the last +.BR w +command. +.SS "Read Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +($)r\fB [\fIfile\fB]\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR r +command shall read in the file named by the pathname +.IR file +and append it after the addressed line. If no +.IR file +argument is given, the currently remembered pathname, if any, shall be +used (see the +.BR e +and +.BR f +commands). The currently remembered pathname shall not be changed +unless there is no remembered pathname. Address 0 shall be valid for +.BR r +and shall cause the file to be read at the beginning of the buffer. If +the read is successful, and +.BR \(mis +was not specified, the number of bytes read shall be written to +standard output in the following format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%d\en", <\fInumber of bytes read\fR> +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The current line number shall be set to the address of the last line +read in. If +.IR file +is replaced by +.BR '!' , +the rest of the line shall be taken to be a shell command line whose +output is to be read. Such a shell command line shall not be remembered +as the current pathname. +.SS "Substitute Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)s/\fIRE\fR/\fIreplacement\fR/\fIflags\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR s +command shall search each addressed line for an occurrence of the +specified RE and replace either the first or all (non-overlapped) +matched strings with the +.IR replacement ; +see the following description of the +.BR g +suffix. It is an error if the substitution fails on every addressed +line. Any character other than +<space> +or +<newline> +can be used instead of a +<slash> +to delimit the RE and the replacement. Within the RE, the RE delimiter +itself can be used as a literal character if it is preceded by a +<backslash>. +The current line shall be set to the address of the last line on which +a substitution occurred. +.P +An +<ampersand> +(\c +.BR '&' ) +appearing in the +.IR replacement +shall be replaced by the string matching the RE on the current line. +The special meaning of +.BR '&' +in this context can be suppressed by preceding it by +<backslash>. +As a more general feature, the characters +.BR '\en' , +where +.IR n +is a digit, shall be replaced by the text matched by the corresponding +back-reference expression. If the corresponding back-reference +expression does not match, then the characters +.BR '\en' +shall be replaced by the empty string. When the character +.BR '%' +is the only character in the +.IR replacement , +the +.IR replacement +used in the most recent substitute command shall be used as the +.IR replacement +in the current substitute command; if there was no previous substitute +command, the use of +.BR '%' +in this manner shall be an error. The +.BR '%' +shall lose its special meaning when it is in a replacement string of +more than one character or is preceded by a +<backslash>. +For each +<backslash> +encountered in scanning +.IR replacement +from beginning to end, the following character shall lose its special +meaning (if any). It is unspecified what special meaning is given to +any character other than +<backslash>, +.BR '&' , +.BR '%' , +or digits. +.P +A line can be split by substituting a +<newline> +into it. The application shall ensure it escapes the +<newline> +in the +.IR replacement +by preceding it by +<backslash>. +Such substitution cannot be done as part of a +.BR g +or +.BR v +.IR "command list" . +The current line number shall be set to the address of the last line on +which a substitution is performed. If no substitution is performed, the +current line number shall be unchanged. If a line is split, a +substitution shall be considered to have been performed on each of the +new lines for the purpose of determining the new current line number. A +substitution shall be considered to have been performed even if the +replacement string is identical to the string that it replaces. +.P +The application shall ensure that the value of +.IR flags +is zero or more of: +.IP "\fIcount\fR" 8 +Substitute for the +.IR count th +occurrence only of the RE found on each addressed line. +.IP "\fBg\fR" 8 +Globally substitute for all non-overlapping instances of the RE rather +than just the first one. If both +.BR g +and +.IR count +are specified, the results are unspecified. +.IP "\fBl\fR" 8 +Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was +made. The line shall be written in the format specified for the +.BR l +command. +.IP "\fBn\fR" 8 +Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was +made. The line shall be written in the format specified for the +.BR n +command. +.IP "\fBp\fR" 8 +Write to standard output the final line in which a substitution was +made. The line shall be written in the format specified for the +.BR p +command. +.SS "Copy Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.,.)t\fIaddress\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR t +command shall be equivalent to the +.BR m +command, except that a copy of the addressed lines shall be placed +after address +.IR address +(which can be 0); the current line number shall be set to the address +of the last line added. +.SS "Undo Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +u +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR u +command shall nullify the effect of the most recent command that +modified anything in the buffer, namely the most recent +.BR a , +.BR c , +.BR d , +.BR g , +.BR i , +.BR j , +.BR m , +.BR r , +.BR s , +.BR t , +.BR u , +.BR v , +.BR G , +or +.BR V +command. All changes made to the buffer by a +.BR g , +.BR G , +.BR v , +or +.BR V +global command shall be undone as a single change; if no changes were +made by the global command (such as with +.BR g /RE/\c +.BR p ), +the +.BR u +command shall have no effect. The current line number shall be set to +the value it had immediately before the command being undone started. +.SS "Global Non-Matched Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(1,$)v\fR/\fIRE\fR/\fIcommand list\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +This command shall be equivalent to the global command +.BR g +except that the lines that are marked during the first step shall be +those for which the line excluding the terminating +<newline> +does not match the RE. +.SS "Interactive Global Not-Matched Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(1,$)V\fR/\fIRE\fR/ +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +This command shall be equivalent to the interactive global command +.BR G +except that the lines that are marked during the first step shall be +those for which the line excluding the terminating +<newline> +does not match the RE. +.SS "Write Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(1,$)w\fB [\fIfile\fB] +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The +.BR w +command shall write the addressed lines into the file named by the +pathname +.IR file . +The command shall create the file, if it does not exist, or shall +replace the contents of the existing file. The currently remembered +pathname shall not be changed unless there is no remembered pathname. +If no pathname is given, the currently remembered pathname, if any, +shall be used (see the +.BR e +and +.BR f +commands); the current line number shall be unchanged. If the command +is successful, the number of bytes written shall be written to standard +output, unless the +.BR \(mis +option was specified, in the following format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%d\en", <\fInumber of bytes written\fR> +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +If +.IR file +begins with +.BR '!' , +the rest of the line shall be taken to be a shell command line whose +standard input shall be the addressed lines. Such a shell command line +shall not be remembered as the current pathname. This usage of the +write command with +.BR '!' +shall not be considered as a ``last +.BR w +command that wrote the entire buffer'', as described previously; thus, +this alone shall not prevent the warning to the user if an attempt is +made to destroy the editor buffer via the +.BR e +or +.BR q +commands. +.SS "Line Number Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +($)= +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The line number of the addressed line shall be written to standard +output in the following format: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"%d\en", <\fIline number\fR> +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +The current line number shall be unchanged by this command. +.SS "Shell Escape Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +!\fIcommand\fR +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +The remainder of the line after the +.BR '!' +shall be sent to the command interpreter to be interpreted as a shell +command line. Within the text of that shell command line, the unescaped +character +.BR '%' +shall be replaced with the remembered pathname; if a +.BR '!' +appears as the first character of the command, it shall be replaced +with the text of the previous shell command executed via +.BR '!' . +Thus, +.BR \(dq!!\(dq +shall repeat the previous !\fIcommand\fP. If any replacements of +.BR '%' +or +.BR '!' +are performed, the modified line shall be written to the standard +output before +.IR command +is executed. The +.BR ! +command shall write: +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +"!\en" +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.P +to standard output upon completion, unless the +.BR \(mis +option is specified. The current line number shall be unchanged. +.SS "Null Command" +.IP "\fISynopsis\fR:" 10 +.sp -1v +.RS 10 +.sp +.RS 4 +.nf +\fB +(.+1) +.fi \fR +.P +.RE +.RE +.P +An address alone on a line shall cause the addressed line to be +written. A +<newline> +alone shall be equivalent to +.BR \(dq+1p\(dq . +The current line number shall be set to the address of the written +line. +.SH "EXIT STATUS" +The following exit values shall be returned: +.IP "\00" 6 +Successful completion without any file or command errors. +.IP >0 6 +An error occurred. +.SH "CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS" +When an error in the input script is encountered, or when an error is +detected that is a consequence of the data (not) present in the file or +due to an external condition such as a read or write error: +.IP " *" 4 +If the standard input is a terminal device file, all input shall be +flushed, and a new command read. +.IP " *" 4 +If the standard input is a regular file, +.IR ed +shall terminate with a non-zero exit status. +.LP +.IR "The following sections are informative." +.SH "APPLICATION USAGE" +Because of the extremely terse nature of the default error messages, +the prudent script writer begins the +.IR ed +input commands with an +.BR H +command, so that if any errors do occur at least some clue as to the +cause is made available. +.P +In earlier versions of this standard, an obsolescent +.BR \(mi +option was described. This is no longer specified. Applications should +use the +.BR \(mis +option. Using +.BR \(mi +as a +.IR file +operand now produces unspecified results. This allows implementations +to continue to support the former required behavior. +.SH EXAMPLES +None. +.SH RATIONALE +The initial description of this utility was adapted from the SVID. It +contains some features not found in Version 7 or BSD-derived systems. +Some of the differences between the POSIX and BSD +.IR ed +utilities include, but need not be limited to: +.IP " *" 4 +The BSD +.BR \(mi +option does not suppress the +.BR '!' +prompt after a +.BR ! +command. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the special meanings of the +.BR '%' +and +.BR '!' +characters within a +.BR ! +command. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the +.IR addresses +.BR ';' +and +.BR ',' . +.IP " *" 4 +BSD allows the command/suffix pairs +.BR pp , +.BR ll , +and so on, which are unspecified in this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the +.BR '!' +character part of the +.BR e , +.BR r , +or +.BR w +commands. +.IP " *" 4 +A failed +.BR g +command in BSD sets the line number to the last line searched if there +are no matches. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not default the +.IR "command list" +to the +.BR p +command. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the +.BR G , +.BR h , +.BR H , +.BR n , +or +.BR V +commands. +.IP " *" 4 +On BSD, if there is no inserted text, the insert command changes the +current line to the referenced line \(mi1; that is, the line before the +specified line. +.IP " *" 4 +On BSD, the +.IR join +command with only a single address changes the current line to that +address. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the +.BR P +command; moreover, in BSD it is synonymous with the +.BR p +command. +.IP " *" 4 +BSD does not support the +.IR undo +of the commands +.BR j , +.BR m , +.BR r , +.BR s , +or +.BR t . +.IP " *" 4 +The Version 7 +.IR ed +command +.BR W , +and the BSD +.IR ed +commands +.BR W , +.BR wq , +and +.BR z +are not present in this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008. +.P +The +.BR \(mis +option was added to allow the functionality of the removed +.BR \(mi +option in a manner compatible with the Utility Syntax Guidelines. +.P +In early proposals there was a limit, +{ED_FILE_MAX}, +that described the historical limitations of some +.IR ed +utilities in their handling of large files; some of these have had +problems with files larger than 100\|000 bytes. It was this limitation +that prompted much of the desire to include a +.IR split +command in this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008. Since this limit was removed, this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008 requires that +implementations document the file size limits imposed by +.IR ed +in the conformance document. The limit +{ED_LINE_MAX} +was also removed; therefore, the global limit +{LINE_MAX} +is used for input and output lines. +.P +The manner in which the +.BR l +command writes non-printable characters was changed to avoid +the historical backspace-overstrike method. On video display terminals, +the overstrike is ambiguous because most terminals simply replace +overstruck characters, making the +.BR l +format not useful for its intended purpose of unambiguously +understanding the content of the line. The historical +<backslash>-escapes +were also ambiguous. (The string +.BR \(dqa\e0011\(dq +could represent a line containing those six characters or a line +containing the three characters +.BR 'a' , +a byte with a binary value of 1, and a 1.) In the format required here, +a +<backslash> +appearing in the line is written as +.BR \(dq\e\e\(dq +so that the output is truly unambiguous. The method of marking the ends +of lines was adopted from the +.IR ex +editor and is required for any line ending in +<space> +characters; the +.BR '$' +is placed on all lines so that a real +.BR '$' +at the end of a line cannot be misinterpreted. +.P +Earlier versions of this standard allowed for implementations +with bytes other than eight bits, but this has been modified in this +version. +.P +The description of how a NUL is written was removed. The NUL character +cannot be in text files, and this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008 should not dictate behavior in the +case of undefined, erroneous input. +.P +Unlike some of the other editing utilities, the filenames accepted by +the +.BR E , +.BR e , +.BR R , +and +.BR r +commands are not patterns. +.P +Early proposals stated that the +.BR \(mip +option worked only when standard input was associated with a terminal +device. This has been changed to conform to historical implementations, +thereby allowing applications to interpose themselves between a user +and the +.IR ed +utility. +.P +The form of the substitute command that uses the +.BR n +suffix was limited in some historical documentation (where this was +described incorrectly as ``backreferencing''). This limit has been +omitted because there is no reason why an editor processing lines of +{LINE_MAX} +length should have this restriction. The command +.BR "s/x/X/2047" +should be able to substitute the 2\|047th occurrence of +.BR 'x' +on a line. +.P +The use of printing commands with printing suffixes (such as +.BR pn , +.BR lp , +and so on) was made unspecified because BSD-based systems allow this, +whereas System V does not. +.P +Some BSD-based systems exit immediately upon receipt of end-of-file if +all of the lines in the file have been deleted. Since this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008 refers +to the +.BR q +command in this instance, such behavior is not allowed. +.P +Some historical implementations returned exit status zero even if +command errors had occurred; this is not allowed by this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008. +.P +Some historical implementations contained a bug that allowed a single +<period> +to be entered in input mode as +<backslash> +<period> +<newline>. +This is not allowed by +.IR ed +because there is no description of escaping any of the characters in +input mode; +<backslash> +characters are entered into the buffer exactly as typed. The typical +method of entering a single +<period> +has been to precede it with another character and then use the substitute +command to delete that character. +.P +It is difficult under some modes of some versions of historical +operating system terminal drivers to distinguish between an end-of-file +condition and terminal disconnect. POSIX.1\(hy2008 does not require +implementations to distinguish between the two situations, which +permits historical implementations of the +.IR ed +utility on historical platforms to conform. Implementations are +encouraged to distinguish between the two, if possible, and take +appropriate action on terminal disconnect. +.P +Historically, +.IR ed +accepted a zero address for the +.BR a +and +.BR r +commands in order to insert text at the start of the edit buffer. When +the buffer was empty the command +.BR .= +returned zero. POSIX.1\(hy2008 requires conformance to historical practice. +.P +For consistency with the +.BR a +and +.BR r +commands and better user functionality, the +.BR i +and +.BR c +commands must also accept an address of 0, in which case 0\fIi\fP is +treated as 1\fIi\fP and likewise for the +.BR c +command. +.P +All of the following are valid addresses: +.IP "\fR+++\fP" 12 +Three lines after the current line. +.IP "\fR/\fIpattern\fR/\(mi\fR" 12 +One line before the next occurrence of pattern. +.IP "\fR\(mi2\fR" 12 +Two lines before the current line. +.IP "\fR3\ \(mi\|\(mi\|\(mi\|\(mi\ 2\fR" 12 +Line one (note the intermediate negative address). +.IP "\fR1\ 2\ 3\fR" 12 +Line six. +.P +Any number of addresses can be provided to commands taking addresses; +for example, +.BR \(dq1,2,3,4,5p\(dq +prints lines 4 and 5, because two is the greatest valid number of +addresses accepted by the +.BR print +command. This, in combination with the +<semicolon> +delimiter, permits users to create commands based on ordered patterns +in the file. For example, the command +.BR \(dq3;/foo/;+2p\(dq +will display the first line after line 3 that contains the pattern +.IR foo , +plus the next two lines. Note that the address +.BR \(dq3;\(dq +must still be evaluated before being discarded, because the search +origin for the +.BR \(dq/foo/\(dq +command depends on this. +.P +Historically, +.IR ed +disallowed address chains, as discussed above, consisting solely of +<comma> +or +<semicolon> +separators; for example, +.BR \(dq,,,\(dq +or +.BR \(dq;;;\(dq +were considered an error. For consistency of address specification, +this restriction is removed. The following table lists some of the +address forms now possible: +.TS +center box tab(!); +cB | cB | cB | cB | cB +lf5 | nf5 | nf5 | l | l. +Address!Addr1!Addr2!Status!Comment +_ +7,!7!7!Historical +7,5,!5!5!Historical +7,5,9!5!9!Historical +7,9!7!9!Historical +7,+!7!8!Historical +\&,!1!$!Historical +\&,7!1!7!Extension +\&,,!$!$!Extension +\&,;!$!$!Extension +7;!7!7!Historical +7;5;!5!5!Historical +7;5;9!5!9!Historical +7;5,9!5!9!Historical +7;$;4!$!4!Historical!Valid, but erroneous. +7;9!7!9!Historical +7;+!7!8!Historical +;!.!$!Historical +;7!.!7!Extension +;;!$!$!Extension +;,!$!$!Extension +.TE +.P +Historically, +.IR ed +accepted the +.BR '^' +character as an address, in which case it was identical to the +<hyphen> +character. POSIX.1\(hy2008 does not require or prohibit this behavior. +.SH "FUTURE DIRECTIONS" +None. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.IR "Section 1.4" ", " "Utility Description Defaults", +.IR "\fIex\fR\^", +.IR "\fIsed\fR\^", +.IR "\fIsh\fR\^", +.IR "\fIvi\fR\^" +.P +The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2008, +.IR "Table 5-1" ", " "Escape Sequences and Associated Actions", +.IR "Chapter 8" ", " "Environment Variables", +.IR "Section 9.3" ", " "Basic Regular Expressions", +.IR "Chapter 11" ", " "General Terminal Interface", +.IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines" +.SH COPYRIGHT +Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form +from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology +-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base +Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of +Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. +(This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the +event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and +The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard +is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at +http://www.unix.org/online.html . + +Any typographical or formatting errors that appear +in this page are most likely +to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to +man page format. To report such errors, see +https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html . |