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+.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 The Open Group, All Rights Reserved 
+.TH "CAT" 1P 2003 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
+.\" cat 
+.SH PROLOG
+This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
+The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
+the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
+or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
+.SH NAME
+cat \- concatenate and print files
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.LP
+\fBcat\fP \fB[\fP\fB-u\fP\fB][\fP\fIfile\fP \fB...\fP\fB]\fP
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+The \fIcat\fP utility shall read files in sequence and shall write
+their contents to the standard output in the same
+sequence.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.LP
+The \fIcat\fP utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume
+of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
+.LP
+The following option shall be supported:
+.TP 7
+\fB-u\fP
+Write bytes from the input file to the standard output without delay
+as each is read.
+.sp
+.SH OPERANDS
+.LP
+The following operand shall be supported:
+.TP 7
+\fIfile\fP
+A pathname of an input file. If no \fIfile\fP operands are specified,
+the standard input shall be used. If a \fIfile\fP is
+\fB'-'\fP, the \fIcat\fP utility shall read from the standard input
+at that point in the sequence. The \fIcat\fP utility
+shall not close and reopen standard input when it is referenced in
+this way, but shall accept multiple occurrences of \fB'-'\fP
+as a \fIfile\fP operand.
+.sp
+.SH STDIN
+.LP
+The standard input shall be used only if no \fIfile\fP operands are
+specified, or if a \fIfile\fP operand is \fB'-'\fP .
+See the INPUT FILES section.
+.SH INPUT FILES
+.LP
+The input files can be any file type.
+.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
+.LP
+The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
+\fIcat\fP:
+.TP 7
+\fILANG\fP
+Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that
+are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables
+for
+the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
+the values of locale categories.)
+.TP 7
+\fILC_ALL\fP
+If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
+other internationalization variables.
+.TP 7
+\fILC_CTYPE\fP
+Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes
+of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as
+opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
+.TP 7
+\fILC_MESSAGES\fP
+Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
+contents of diagnostic messages written to standard
+error.
+.TP 7
+\fINLSPATH\fP
+Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of \fILC_MESSAGES
+\&.\fP 
+.sp
+.SH ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
+.LP
+Default.
+.SH STDOUT
+.LP
+The standard output shall contain the sequence of bytes read from
+the input files. Nothing else shall be written to the standard
+output.
+.SH STDERR
+.LP
+The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
+.SH OUTPUT FILES
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
+.LP
+None.
+.SH EXIT STATUS
+.LP
+The following exit values shall be returned:
+.TP 7
+\ 0
+All input files were output successfully.
+.TP 7
+>0
+An error occurred.
+.sp
+.SH CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
+.LP
+Default.
+.LP
+\fIThe following sections are informative.\fP
+.SH APPLICATION USAGE
+.LP
+The \fB-u\fP option has value in prototyping non-blocking reads from
+FIFOs. The intent is to support the following
+sequence:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBmkfifo foo
+cat -u foo > /dev/tty13 &
+cat -u > foo
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+It is unspecified whether standard output is or is not buffered in
+the default case. This is sometimes of interest when standard
+output is associated with a terminal, since buffering may delay the
+output. The presence of the \fB-u\fP option guarantees that
+unbuffered I/O is available. It is implementation-defined whether
+the \fIcat\fP utility buffers output if the \fB-u\fP option is
+not specified. Traditionally, the \fB-u\fP option is implemented using
+the equivalent of the \fIsetvbuf\fP() function defined in the System
+Interfaces volume of
+IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.LP
+The following command:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBcat myfile
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+writes the contents of the file \fBmyfile\fP to standard output.
+.LP
+The following command:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBcat doc1 doc2 > doc.all
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+concatenates the files \fBdoc1\fP and \fBdoc2\fP and writes the result
+to \fBdoc.all\fP.
+.LP
+Because of the shell language mechanism used to perform output redirection,
+a command such as this:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBcat doc doc.end > doc
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+causes the original data in \fBdoc\fP to be lost.
+.LP
+The command:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBcat start - middle - end > file
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+when standard input is a terminal, gets two arbitrary pieces of input
+from the terminal with a single invocation of \fIcat\fP.
+Note, however, that if standard input is a regular file, this would
+be equivalent to the command:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBcat start - middle /dev/null end > file
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+because the entire contents of the file would be consumed by \fIcat\fP
+the first time \fB'-'\fP was used as a \fIfile\fP
+operand and an end-of-file condition would be detected immediately
+when \fB'-'\fP was referenced the second time.
+.SH RATIONALE
+.LP
+Historical versions of the \fIcat\fP utility include the options \fB-e\fP,
+\fB-t\fP, and \fB-v\fP, which permit the ends of
+lines, <tab>s, and invisible characters, respectively, to be rendered
+visible in the output. The standard developers omitted
+these options because they provide too fine a degree of control over
+what is made visible, and similar output can be obtained using
+a command such as:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBsed -n -e 's/$/$/' -e l pathname
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+The \fB-s\fP option was omitted because it corresponds to different
+functions in BSD and System V-based systems. The BSD
+\fB-s\fP option to squeeze blank lines can be accomplished by the
+shell script shown in the following example:
+.sp
+.RS
+.nf
+
+\fBsed -n '
+# Write non-empty lines.
+/./   {
+      p
+      d
+      }
+# Write a single empty line, then look for more empty lines.
+/^$/  p
+# Get next line, discard the held <newline> (empty line),
+# and look for more empty lines.
+:Empty
+/^$/  {
+      N
+      s/.//
+      b Empty
+      }
+# Write the non-empty line before going back to search
+# for the first in a set of empty lines.
+      p
+'
+\fP
+.fi
+.RE
+.LP
+The System V \fB-s\fP option to silence error messages can be accomplished
+by redirecting the standard error. Note that the BSD
+documentation for \fIcat\fP uses the term "blank line" to mean the
+same as the POSIX "empty line'': a line consisting only of a
+<newline>.
+.LP
+The BSD \fB-n\fP option was omitted because similar functionality
+can be obtained from the \fB-n\fP option of the \fIpr\fP utility.
+.SH FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+.LP
+None.
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.LP
+\fImore\fP, the System Interfaces volume of IEEE\ Std\ 1003.1-2001,
+\fIsetvbuf\fP()
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
+from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
+-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
+Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
+Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the
+event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
+The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
+http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .