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-.\" Copyright (c) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
-.\"
-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
-.\"
-.TH standards 7 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
-.SH NAME
-standards \- C and UNIX Standards
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-The STANDARDS section that appears in many manual pages identifies
-various standards to which the documented interface conforms.
-The following list briefly describes these standards.
-.TP
-.B V7
-Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX,
-released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979.
-After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects:
-BSD and System V.
-.TP
-.B 4.2BSD
-This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release
-of the
-.IR "Berkeley Software Distribution",
-released by the University of California at Berkeley.
-This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP
-stack and the sockets API.
-4.2BSD was released in 1983.
-.IP
-Earlier major BSD releases included
-.I 3BSD
-(1980),
-.I 4BSD
-(1980),
-and
-.I 4.1BSD
-(1981).
-.TP
-.B 4.3BSD
-The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.
-.TP
-.B 4.4BSD
-The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.
-This was the last major Berkeley release.
-.TP
-.B System V
-This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983
-release of its commercial System V (five) release.
-The previous major AT&T release was
-.IR "System III" ,
-released in 1981.
-.TP
-.B System V release 2 (SVr2)
-This was the next System V release, made in 1985.
-The SVr2 was formally described in the
-.I "System V Interface Definition version 1"
-.RI ( "SVID 1" )
-published in 1985.
-.TP
-.B System V release 3 (SVr3)
-This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.
-This release was formally described in the
-.I "System V Interface Definition version 2"
-.RI ( "SVID 2" ).
-.TP
-.B System V release 4 (SVr4)
-This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.
-This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference
-Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall
-1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)
-This release was formally described in the
-.I "System V Interface Definition version 3"
-.RI ( "SVID 3" ),
-and is considered the definitive System V release.
-.TP
-.B SVID 4
-System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.
-Available online at
-.UR http://www.sco.com\:/developers\:/devspecs/
-.UE .
-.TP
-.B C89
-This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI
-(American National Standards Institute) in 1989
-.RI ( X3.159-1989 ).
-Sometimes this is known as
-.IR "ANSI C" ,
-but since C99 is also an
-ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous.
-This standard was also ratified by
-ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ),
-and is thus occasionally referred to as
-.IR "ISO C90" .
-.TP
-.B C99
-This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ).
-Available online at
-.UR http://www.open\-std.org\:/jtc1\:/sc22\:/wg14\:/www\:/standards
-.UE .
-.TP
-.B C11
-This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:2011" ).
-.TP
-.B LFS
-The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996.
-This specification defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit systems
-to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets).
-See
-.UR https://www.opengroup.org\:/platform\:/lfs.html
-.UE .
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-1988
-This was the first POSIX standard,
-ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std 1003.1-1988,
-and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990.
-The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-1990
-"Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments".
-IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ).
-.TP
-.B POSIX.2
-IEEE Std 1003.2-1992,
-describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ).
-.TP
-.BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)"
-IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993,
-describing real-time facilities
-for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996
-.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ).
-.TP
-.BR POSIX.1c " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4a\fP)"
-IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1d
-IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1g
-IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1j
-IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-1996
-A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.
-.TP
-.B XPG3
-Released in 1989, this was the first release of the X/Open
-Portability Guide to be based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988).
-This multivolume guide was developed by the X/Open Group,
-a multivendor consortium.
-.TP
-.B XPG4
-A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.
-This revision incorporated POSIX.2.
-.TP
-.B XPG4v2
-A 1994 revision of XPG4.
-This is also referred to as
-.IR "Spec 1170" ,
-where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces
-defined by this standard.
-.TP
-.B "SUS (SUSv1)"
-Single UNIX Specification.
-This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards
-(X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2,
-X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4).
-Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
-.IR "UNIX 95" .
-.TP
-.B SUSv2
-Single UNIX Specification version 2.
-Sometimes also referred to (incorrectly) as
-.IR XPG5 .
-This standard appeared in 1997.
-Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
-.IR "UNIX 98" .
-See also
-.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version2/
-.UE .)
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-2001, SUSv3
-This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the
-POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document,
-conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group
-.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/
-.UE .
-The standard is available online at
-.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version3/
-.UE .
-.IP
-The standard defines two levels of conformance:
-.IR "POSIX conformance" ,
-which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system;
-and
-.IR "XSI Conformance",
-which additionally mandates a set of interfaces
-(the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance.
-XSI-conformant systems can be branded
-.IR "UNIX 03" .
-.IP
-The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:
-.IP
-.BR XBD :
-Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications.
-.IP
-.BR XSH :
-Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library
-functions in actual implementations).
-.IP
-.BR XCU :
-Specifications of commands and utilities
-(i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).
-.IP
-.BR XRAT :
-Informative text on the other parts of the standard.
-.IP
-POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the
-library functions standardized in C99 are also
-standardized in POSIX.1-2001.
-.IP
-The Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the
-Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above,
-plus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that is
-not in POSIX.1-2001.
-.IP
-Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements)
-of the original 2001 standard have occurred:
-TC1 in 2003
-and TC2 in 2004.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-2008, SUSv4
-Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and
-ratified in 2008.
-The standard is available online at
-.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version4/
-.UE .
-.IP
-The changes in this revision are not as large as those
-that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3,
-but a number of new interfaces are added
-and various details of existing specifications are modified.
-Many of the interfaces that were optional in
-POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard.
-A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked
-as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether.
-.IP
-The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor.
-The Single UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the
-Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT,
-plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is
-not in POSIX.1-2008.
-.IP
-Again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline
-.IR "POSIX Conformance" ,
-and
-.IR "XSI Conformance" ,
-which mandates an additional set of interfaces
-beyond those in the base specification.
-.IP
-In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page
-lists POSIX.1-2001, it can be assumed that the interface also
-conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.
-.IP
-Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements)
-of this standard was released in 2013.
-.IP
-Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.
-.IP
-Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site,
-.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/
-.UE .
-.TP
-.B SUSv4 2016 edition
-This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of
-Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification.
-.TP
-.B POSIX.1-2017
-This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with
-Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.
-.TP
-.B SUSv4 2018 edition
-This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of
-the XCurses specification.
-.PP
-The interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as
-manual pages under sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands),
-and 3p (functions);
-thus one can write "man 3p open".
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR getconf (1),
-.BR confstr (3),
-.BR pathconf (3),
-.BR sysconf (3),
-.BR attributes (7),
-.BR feature_test_macros (7),
-.BR libc (7),
-.BR posixoptions (7),
-.BR system_data_types (7)