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-.\" From dholland@burgundy.eecs.harvard.edu Tue Mar 24 18:08:15 1998
-.\"
-.\" This man page was written in 1998 by David A. Holland
-.\" Polished a bit by aeb.
-.\"
-.\" %%%LICENSE_START(PUBLIC_DOMAIN)
-.\" Placed in the Public Domain.
-.\" %%%LICENSE_END
-.\"
-.\" 2005-06-16 mtk, mentioned freopen()
-.\" 2007-12-08, mtk, Converted from mdoc to man macros
-.\"
-.TH stdin 3 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
-.SH NAME
-stdin, stdout, stderr \- standard I/O streams
-.SH LIBRARY
-Standard C library
-.RI ( libc ", " \-lc )
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B #include <stdio.h>
-.P
-.BI "extern FILE *" stdin ;
-.BI "extern FILE *" stdout ;
-.BI "extern FILE *" stderr ;
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-Under normal circumstances every UNIX program has three streams opened
-for it when it starts up, one for input, one for output, and one for
-printing diagnostic or error messages.
-These are typically attached to
-the user's terminal (see
-.BR tty (4))
-but might instead refer to files or other devices, depending on what
-the parent process chose to set up.
-(See also the "Redirection" section of
-.BR sh (1).)
-.P
-The input stream is referred to as "standard input"; the output stream is
-referred to as "standard output"; and the error stream is referred to
-as "standard error".
-These terms are abbreviated to form the symbols
-used to refer to these files, namely
-.IR stdin ,
-.IR stdout ,
-and
-.IR stderr .
-.P
-Each of these symbols is a
-.BR stdio (3)
-macro of type pointer to
-.IR FILE ,
-and can be used with functions like
-.BR fprintf (3)
-or
-.BR fread (3).
-.P
-Since
-.IR FILE s
-are a buffering wrapper around UNIX file descriptors, the
-same underlying files may also be accessed using the raw UNIX file
-interface, that is, the functions like
-.BR read (2)
-and
-.BR lseek (2).
-.P
-On program startup, the integer file descriptors
-associated with the streams
-.IR stdin ,
-.IR stdout ,
-and
-.I stderr
-are 0, 1, and 2, respectively.
-The preprocessor symbols
-.BR STDIN_FILENO ,
-.BR STDOUT_FILENO ,
-and
-.B STDERR_FILENO
-are defined with these values in
-.IR <unistd.h> .
-(Applying
-.BR freopen (3)
-to one of these streams can change the file descriptor number
-associated with the stream.)
-.P
-Note that mixing use of
-.IR FILE s
-and raw file descriptors can produce
-unexpected results and should generally be avoided.
-(For the masochistic among you: POSIX.1, section 8.2.3, describes
-in detail how this interaction is supposed to work.)
-A general rule is that file descriptors are handled in the kernel,
-while stdio is just a library.
-This means for example, that after an
-.BR exec (3),
-the child inherits all open file descriptors, but all old streams
-have become inaccessible.
-.P
-Since the symbols
-.IR stdin ,
-.IR stdout ,
-and
-.I stderr
-are specified to be macros, assigning to them is nonportable.
-The standard streams can be made to refer to different files
-with help of the library function
-.BR freopen (3),
-specially introduced to make it possible to reassign
-.IR stdin ,
-.IR stdout ,
-and
-.IR stderr .
-The standard streams are closed by a call to
-.BR exit (3)
-and by normal program termination.
-.SH STANDARDS
-C11, POSIX.1-2008.
-.P
-The standards also stipulate that these three
-streams shall be open at program startup.
-.SH HISTORY
-C89, POSIX.1-2001.
-.SH NOTES
-The stream
-.I stderr
-is unbuffered.
-The stream
-.I stdout
-is line-buffered when it points to a terminal.
-Partial lines will not
-appear until
-.BR fflush (3)
-or
-.BR exit (3)
-is called, or a newline is printed.
-This can produce unexpected
-results, especially with debugging output.
-The buffering mode of the standard streams (or any other stream)
-can be changed using the
-.BR setbuf (3)
-or
-.BR setvbuf (3)
-call.
-Note that in case
-.I stdin
-is associated with a terminal, there may also be input buffering
-in the terminal driver, entirely unrelated to stdio buffering.
-(Indeed, normally terminal input is line buffered in the kernel.)
-This kernel input handling can be modified using calls like
-.BR tcsetattr (3);
-see also
-.BR stty (1),
-and
-.BR termios (3).
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR csh (1),
-.BR sh (1),
-.BR open (2),
-.BR fopen (3),
-.BR stdio (3)