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-'\" t
-.\" Copyright 1993 David Metcalfe (david@prism.demon.co.uk)
-.\" and Copyright 2008, Linux Foundation, written by Michael Kerrisk
-.\" <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
-.\"
-.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: Linux-man-pages-copyleft
-.\"
-.\" References consulted:
-.\" Linux libc source code
-.\" Lewine's _POSIX Programmer's Guide_ (O'Reilly & Associates, 1991)
-.\" 386BSD man pages
-.\" Modified 1993-07-24 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
-.\" Modified 1995-08-14 by Arnt Gulbrandsen <agulbra@troll.no>
-.\" Modified 2002-07-27 by Walter Harms
-.\" (walter.harms@informatik.uni-oldenburg.de)
-.TH pow 3 (date) "Linux man-pages (unreleased)"
-.SH NAME
-pow, powf, powl \- power functions
-.SH LIBRARY
-Math library
-.RI ( libm ", " \-lm )
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-.nf
-.B #include <math.h>
-.P
-.BI "double pow(double " x ", double " y );
-.BI "float powf(float " x ", float " y );
-.BI "long double powl(long double " x ", long double " y );
-.fi
-.P
-.RS -4
-Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see
-.BR feature_test_macros (7)):
-.RE
-.P
-.BR powf (),
-.BR powl ():
-.nf
- _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
- || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
- || /* glibc <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE
-.fi
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-These functions return the value of
-.I x
-raised to the
-power of
-.IR y .
-.SH RETURN VALUE
-On success, these functions return the value of
-.I x
-to the power of
-.IR y .
-.P
-If the result overflows,
-a range error occurs,
-.\" The range error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4
-and the functions return
-.BR HUGE_VAL ,
-.BR HUGE_VALF ,
-or
-.BR HUGE_VALL ,
-respectively, with the mathematically correct sign.
-.P
-If result underflows, and is not representable,
-a range error occurs,
-and 0.0 with the appropriate sign is returned.
-.\" POSIX.1 does not specify the sign of the zero,
-.\" but https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=2678
-.\" points out that the zero has the wrong sign in some cases.
-.P
-.\" pow(\(+-0, <0 [[odd]]) = HUGE_VAL*
-If
-.I x
-is +0 or \-0,
-and
-.I y
-is an odd integer less than 0,
-a pole error occurs and
-.BR HUGE_VAL ,
-.BR HUGE_VALF ,
-or
-.BR HUGE_VALL ,
-is returned,
-with the same sign as
-.IR x .
-.P
-.\" pow(\(+-0, <0 [[!odd]]) = HUGE_VAL*
-If
-.I x
-is +0 or \-0,
-and
-.I y
-is less than 0 and not an odd integer,
-a pole error occurs and
-.\" The pole error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4
-.RB + HUGE_VAL ,
-.RB + HUGE_VALF ,
-or
-.RB + HUGE_VALL ,
-is returned.
-.P
-.\" pow(\(+-0, >0 [[odd]]) = \(+-0
-If
-.I x
-is +0 (\-0),
-and
-.I y
-is an odd integer greater than 0,
-the result is +0 (\-0).
-.P
-.\" pow(\(+-0, >0 [[!odd]]) = +0
-If
-.I x
-is 0,
-and
-.I y
-greater than 0 and not an odd integer,
-the result is +0.
-.P
-.\" pow(-1, \(+-INFINITY) = 1.0
-If
-.I x
-is \-1,
-and
-.I y
-is positive infinity or negative infinity,
-the result is 1.0.
-.P
-.\" pow(+1, y) = 1.0
-If
-.I x
-is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if
-.I y
-is a NaN).
-.P
-.\" pow(x, \(+-0) = 1.0
-If
-.I y
-is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if
-.I x
-is a NaN).
-.P
-.\" pow(<0, y) = NaN
-If
-.I x
-is a finite value less than 0, and
-.I y
-is a finite noninteger, a domain error occurs,
-.\" The domain error is generated at least as far back as glibc 2.4
-and a NaN is returned.
-.P
-.\" pow(|x|<1, -INFINITY) = INFINITY
-If the absolute value of
-.I x
-is less than 1,
-and
-.I y
-is negative infinity,
-the result is positive infinity.
-.P
-.\" pow(|x|>1, -INFINITY) = +0
-If the absolute value of
-.I x
-is greater than 1,
-and
-.I y
-is negative infinity,
-the result is +0.
-.P
-.\" pow(|x|<1, INFINITY) = +0
-If the absolute value of
-.I x
-is less than 1,
-and
-.I y
-is positive infinity,
-the result is +0.
-.P
-.\" pow(|x|>1, INFINITY) = INFINITY
-If the absolute value of
-.I x
-is greater than 1,
-and
-.I y
-is positive infinity,
-the result is positive infinity.
-.P
-.\" pow(-INFINITY, <0 [[odd]]) = -0
-If
-.I x
-is negative infinity,
-and
-.I y
-is an odd integer less than 0,
-the result is \-0.
-.P
-.\" pow(-INFINITY, <0 [[!odd]]) = +0
-If
-.I x
-is negative infinity,
-and
-.I y
-less than 0 and not an odd integer,
-the result is +0.
-.P
-.\" pow(-INFINITY, >0 [[odd]]) = -INFINITY
-If
-.I x
-is negative infinity,
-and
-.I y
-is an odd integer greater than 0,
-the result is negative infinity.
-.P
-.\" pow(-INFINITY, >0 [[!odd]]) = INFINITY
-If
-.I x
-is negative infinity,
-and
-.I y
-greater than 0 and not an odd integer,
-the result is positive infinity.
-.P
-.\" pow(INFINITY, <0) = +0
-If
-.I x
-is positive infinity,
-and
-.I y
-less than 0,
-the result is +0.
-.P
-.\" pow(INFINITY, >0) = INFINITY
-If
-.I x
-is positive infinity,
-and
-.I y
-greater than 0,
-the result is positive infinity.
-.P
-.\" pow(NaN, y) or pow(x, NaN) = NaN
-Except as specified above, if
-.I x
-or
-.I y
-is a NaN, the result is a NaN.
-.SH ERRORS
-.\" FIXME . review status of this error
-.\" longstanding bug report for glibc:
-.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=369
-.\" For negative x, and -large and +large y, glibc 2.8 gives incorrect
-.\" results
-.\" pow(-0.5,-DBL_MAX)=nan
-.\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result;
-.\" FAIL (expected: range-error-overflow (ERANGE, FE_OVERFLOW); +INF)
-.\"
-.\" pow(-1.5,-DBL_MAX)=nan
-.\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result;
-.\" FAIL (expected: range-error-underflow (ERANGE, FE_UNDERFLOW); +0)
-.\"
-.\" pow(-0.5,DBL_MAX)=nan
-.\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result;
-.\" FAIL (expected: range-error-underflow (ERANGE, FE_UNDERFLOW); +0)
-.\"
-.\" pow(-1.5,DBL_MAX)=nan
-.\" EDOM FE_INVALID nan; fail-errno fail-except fail-result;
-.\" FAIL (expected: range-error-overflow (ERANGE, FE_OVERFLOW); +INF)
-See
-.BR math_error (7)
-for information on how to determine whether an error has occurred
-when calling these functions.
-.P
-The following errors can occur:
-.TP
-Domain error: \fIx\fP is negative, and \fIy\fP is a finite noninteger
-.I errno
-is set to
-.BR EDOM .
-An invalid floating-point exception
-.RB ( FE_INVALID )
-is raised.
-.TP
-Pole error: \fIx\fP is zero, and \fIy\fP is negative
-.I errno
-is set to
-.B ERANGE
-(but see BUGS).
-A divide-by-zero floating-point exception
-.RB ( FE_DIVBYZERO )
-is raised.
-.TP
-Range error: the result overflows
-.I errno
-is set to
-.BR ERANGE .
-An overflow floating-point exception
-.RB ( FE_OVERFLOW )
-is raised.
-.TP
-Range error: the result underflows
-.I errno
-is set to
-.BR ERANGE .
-An underflow floating-point exception
-.RB ( FE_UNDERFLOW )
-is raised.
-.SH ATTRIBUTES
-For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
-.BR attributes (7).
-.TS
-allbox;
-lbx lb lb
-l l l.
-Interface Attribute Value
-T{
-.na
-.nh
-.BR pow (),
-.BR powf (),
-.BR powl ()
-T} Thread safety MT-Safe
-.TE
-.SH STANDARDS
-C11, POSIX.1-2008.
-.SH HISTORY
-C99, POSIX.1-2001.
-.P
-The variant returning
-.I double
-also conforms to
-SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.
-.SH BUGS
-.SS Historical bugs (now fixed)
-Before glibc 2.28,
-.\" https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=13932
-on some architectures (e.g., x86-64)
-.BR pow ()
-may be more than 10,000 times slower for some inputs
-than for other nearby inputs.
-This affects only
-.BR pow (),
-and not
-.BR powf ()
-nor
-.BR powl ().
-This problem was fixed
-.\" commit c3d466cba1692708a19c6ff829d0386c83a0c6e5
-in glibc 2.28.
-.P
-A number of bugs
-.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=3866
-in the glibc implementation of
-.BR pow ()
-were fixed in glibc 2.16.
-.P
-In glibc 2.9 and earlier,
-.\"
-.\" https://www.sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=6776
-when a pole error occurs,
-.I errno
-is set to
-.B EDOM
-instead of the POSIX-mandated
-.BR ERANGE .
-Since glibc 2.10,
-.\" or possibly 2.9, I haven't found the source code change
-.\" and I don't have a 2.9 system to test
-glibc does the right thing.
-.P
-In glibc 2.3.2 and earlier,
-.\" Actually, glibc 2.3.2 is the earliest test result I have; so yet
-.\" to confirm if this error occurs only in glibc 2.3.2.
-when an overflow or underflow error occurs, glibc's
-.BR pow ()
-generates a bogus invalid floating-point exception
-.RB ( FE_INVALID )
-in addition to the overflow or underflow exception.
-.SH SEE ALSO
-.BR cbrt (3),
-.BR cpow (3),
-.BR sqrt (3)
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